{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T20:32:43Z","timestamp":1785529963442,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]],"date-time":"2022-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) and Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy (VRET) are individually increasingly used in psychiatric research. Objective\/Hypothesis: Our study aimed to investigate the feasibility of combining tDCS and wireless 360\u00b0 full immersive active and embodied VRET to reduce height-induced anxiety. Methods: We carried out a pilot randomized, double-blind, controlled study associating VRET (two 20 min sessions with a 48 h interval, during which, participants had to cross a plank at rising heights in a building in construction) with online tDCS (targeting the ventromedial prefrontal cortex) in 28 participants. The primary outcomes were the sense of presence level and the tolerability. The secondary outcomes were the anxiety level (Subjective Unit of Discomfort) and the salivary cortisol concentration. Results: We confirmed the feasibility of the association between tDCS and fully embodied VRET associated with a good sense of presence without noticeable adverse effects. In both groups, a significant reduction in the fear of height was observed after two sessions, with only a small effect size of add-on tDCS (0.1) according to the SUD. The variations of cortisol concentration differed in the tDCS and sham groups. Conclusion: Our study confirmed the feasibility of the association between wireless online tDCS and active, fully embodied VRET. The optimal tDCS paradigm remains to be determined in this context to increase effect size and then adequately power future clinical studies assessing synergies between both techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11020345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]],"date-time":"2022-01-11T14:05:07Z","timestamp":1641909907000},"page":"345","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Feasibility of Combining Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Active Fully Embodied Virtual Reality for Visual Height Intolerance: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Samuel","family":"Bulteau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Addictology and Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry, CHU Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France"},{"name":"French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR 1246 SPHERE, Universit\u00e9 of Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7806-961X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Laurin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Addictology and Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry, CHU Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France"},{"name":"Laboratory \u201cMovement, Interactions, Performance\u201d (MIP), University of Nantes, E.A. 4334, F-44000 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kalyane","family":"Bach-Ngohou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders, INSERM, IMAD, Department of Biology, Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, and TENS, CHU Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morgane","family":"P\u00e9r\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Methodology and Biostatistics, CHU Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Anne","family":"Vibet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Methodology and Biostatistics, CHU Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Benoit","family":"Hardouin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR 1246 SPHERE, Universit\u00e9 of Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France"},{"name":"Department of Methodology and Biostatistics, CHU Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00e9ronique","family":"Sebille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR 1246 SPHERE, Universit\u00e9 of Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France"},{"name":"Department of Methodology and Biostatistics, CHU Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lydie","family":"Lagalice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Addictology and Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry, CHU Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c9lodie","family":"Faurel-Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Promotion, CHU Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Didier","family":"Acier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Nantes, F-44312 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Rabeyron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Lorraine, Interpsy, F-54000 Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Val\u00e9ry-Pierre","family":"Riche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Economic Evaluation and Health Products Development Service, Partnership and Innovation Department, CHU Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Sauvaget","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Addictology and Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry, CHU Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France"},{"name":"Laboratory \u201cMovement, Interactions, Performance\u201d (MIP), University of Nantes, E.A. 4334, F-44000 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Melki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LS2N\u2014UMR 6004 CNRS, University of Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, 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