{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T02:44:50Z","timestamp":1790304290230,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]],"date-time":"2022-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>About half of patients with Graves\u2019 disease develop an orbitopathy related to an inflammatory expansion of the periorbital adipose tissue and muscles. We used a targeted metabolomic approach measuring 188 metabolites by mass spectrometry to compare the metabolic composition of tears in patients with active (n = 21) versus inactive (n = 24) thyroid-associated orbitopathy. Among the 44 metabolites accurately measured, 8 showed a significant alteration of their concentrations between the two groups. Two short-chain acylcarnitines, propionylcarnitine and butyrylcarnitine, and spermine showed increased concentrations in the tears of patients with active orbitopathy, whereas ornithine, glycine, serine, citrulline and histidine showed decreased concentrations in this group. In addition, the ratio putrescine\/ornithine, representing the activity of ornithine decarboxylase, was significantly increased in patients with active compared to inactive orbitopathy (p = 0.0011, fold change 3.75). The specificity of this candidate biomarker was maintained when compared to a control group with unclassified dry eye disease. Our results suggest that the stimulation of ornithine decarboxylase by TSH receptor autoantibodies in orbital fibroblasts could lead to increased synthesis of spermine, through the increased activity of ornithine decarboxylase, that may contribute to periorbital expansion in Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11020404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]],"date-time":"2022-01-13T10:57:37Z","timestamp":1642071457000},"page":"404","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["A Tear Metabolomic Profile Showing Increased Ornithine Decarboxylase Activity and Spermine Synthesis in Thyroid-Associated Orbitopathy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Billiet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement d\u2019Ophtalmologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), F-49000 Angers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Manuel","family":"Chao de la Barca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Biochimie et Biologie Mol\u00e9culaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), F-49000 Angers, France"},{"name":"Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche (UMR) MITOVASC, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale (INSERM), Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Angers, F-49000 Angers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8265-7249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Ferr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche (UMR) MITOVASC, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale (INSERM), Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Angers, F-49000 Angers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2388-5206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeanne","family":"Muller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement d\u2019Ophtalmologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), F-49000 Angers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana\u00efs","family":"Vautier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement d\u2019Ophtalmologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), F-49000 Angers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Assad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement d\u2019Ophtalmologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), F-49000 Angers, 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de Biochimie et Biologie Mol\u00e9culaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), F-49000 Angers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey","family":"Urbanski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche (UMR) MITOVASC, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale (INSERM), Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Angers, F-49000 Angers, France"},{"name":"Service de M\u00e9decine Interne et d\u2019Immunologie Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), F-49000 Angers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilles","family":"Simard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Biochimie et Biologie Mol\u00e9culaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), F-49000 Angers, 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