{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T06:48:01Z","timestamp":1790750881871,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]],"date-time":"2022-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a large-vessel granulomatous vasculitis occurring in patients over 50-year-old. Diagnosis can be challenging because there is no specific biological test or other diagnoses to consider. Two main phenotypes of GCA are distinguished and can be associated. First, cranial GCA, whose diagnosis is usually confirmed by the evidence of a non-necrotizing granulomatous panarteritis on temporal artery biopsy. Second, large-vessel GCA, whose related symptoms are less specific (fever, asthenia, and weight loss) and for which other diagnoses must be implemented if there is neither cephalic GCA nor associated polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) features chronic infection (tuberculosis, Coxiella burnetti), IgG4-related disease, Erdheim Chester disease, and other primary vasculitis (Beh\u00e7et disease, relapsing polychondritis, or VEXAS syndrome). Herein, we propose a review of the main differential diagnoses to be considered regarding large vessel vasculitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11030495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]],"date-time":"2022-01-19T08:20:57Z","timestamp":1642580457000},"page":"495","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Mimickers of Large Vessel Giant Cell Arteritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Ramon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Department, Dijon-Bourgogne University Hospital, 21000 Dijon, France"},{"name":"INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR 1098, RIGHT Graft-Host-Tumor Interactions\/Cellular and Genetic Engineering, Bourgogne Franche-Comt\u00e9 University, 21000 Dijon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Greigert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR 1098, RIGHT Graft-Host-Tumor Interactions\/Cellular and Genetic Engineering, Bourgogne Franche-Comt\u00e9 University, 21000 Dijon, France"},{"name":"Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology Department, Dijon-Bourgogne University Hospital, 21000 Dijon, France"},{"name":"Vascular Medicine Department, Dijon-Bourgogne University Hospital, 21000 Dijon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4959-2348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Ornetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Department, Dijon-Bourgogne University Hospital, 21000 Dijon, France"},{"name":"INSERM, CIC 1432, Clinical Investigation Center, Plurithematic Module, Technological Investigation Platform, Dijon-Bourgogne University Hospital, 21000 Dijon, France"},{"name":"INSERM UMR 1093-CAPS, Bourgogne Franche-Comt\u00e9 University, UFR des Sciences et Du Sport, 21000 Dijon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7229-3808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernard","family":"Bonnotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR 1098, RIGHT Graft-Host-Tumor Interactions\/Cellular and Genetic Engineering, Bourgogne Franche-Comt\u00e9 University, 21000 Dijon, France"},{"name":"Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology Department, Dijon-Bourgogne University Hospital, 21000 Dijon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxime","family":"Samson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR 1098, RIGHT Graft-Host-Tumor Interactions\/Cellular and Genetic Engineering, Bourgogne Franche-Comt\u00e9 University, 21000 Dijon, France"},{"name":"Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology Department, Dijon-Bourgogne University Hospital, 21000 Dijon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37715","article-title":"2012 Revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference Nomenclature of Vasculitides","volume":"65","author":"Jennette","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1214825","article-title":"Giant-Cell Arteritis and Polymyalgia Rheumatica","volume":"371","author":"Weyand","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. 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