{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T02:00:49Z","timestamp":1780624849744,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]],"date-time":"2022-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007687","name":"Swedish Society of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FJ"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007687","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010823","name":"Tore Nilsons Stiftelse f\u00f6r Medicinsk Forskning","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FJ"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010823","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003252","name":"Lund University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Alf"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Alf"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003252","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Scania Regional Council","award":["Alf and the Primary Healthcare Division"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Alf and the Primary Healthcare Division"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: Urinary incontinence (UI) is a very common condition in the primary healthcare settings. Few studies have investigated whether sociodemographic factors are related to UI. This nationwide study aimed to investigate whether there is a relationship between sociodemographic factors and UI in women. Methods: A nationwide open cohort study included 2,044,065 women aged 15\u201350 years. Several national population-based (Sweden) databases including nationwide primary healthcare data were used. The outcome was the time to the first event of any UI diagnosis during the study period (1997\u20132018). Cox regression models were used to test for associations between individual sociodemographic factors and UI. Results: The study identified 44,250 UI events. These corresponded to 2.16% of the study population and an incidence rate (IR) per 1000 person-years of 1.85 (95% CI 1.84\u20131.87). In the fully adjusted model, a high age, low education level, and being born outside of Sweden were independently associated with a higher UI risk, while rural living was associated with a lower risk. The income level did not seem to have a large impact. Most notably, women born in the Middle East\/North Africa and Latin America\/Caribbean had a substantially higher risk of UI with HRs of 2.41 (95% CI 2.33\u20132.49) and 2.30 (95% CI 2.17\u20132.43), respectively. Parity was strongly and independently associated with UI. Conclusion: This study presents novel risk factors associated with UI. The findings provide new knowledge concerning the burden of this disease among women, which could be used to provide more equal healthcare for these patients in the future. Previous research allied with these findings suggests using a comprehensive approach targeting health disparities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11030496","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]],"date-time":"2022-01-19T08:20:57Z","timestamp":1642580457000},"page":"496","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Sociodemographic Disparities and Parity in Relation to Urinary Incontinence: A Nationwide Primary Healthcare Cohort Study (1997\u20132018)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Christoffer","family":"Sundqvist","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Primary Health Care Research, Clinical Research Centre (CRC), Jan Waldenstr\u00f6ms Gata 35, Region Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital, 20502 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"},{"name":"Center for Primary Health Care Research, Department of Clinical Sciences Malm\u00f6, Lund University, 20502 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5559-4657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinjun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Primary Health Care Research, Clinical Research Centre (CRC), Jan Waldenstr\u00f6ms Gata 35, Region Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital, 20502 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"},{"name":"Center for Primary Health Care Research, Department of Clinical Sciences Malm\u00f6, Lund University, 20502 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Sundquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Primary Health Care Research, Clinical Research Centre (CRC), Jan Waldenstr\u00f6ms Gata 35, Region Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital, 20502 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"},{"name":"Center for Primary Health Care Research, Department of Clinical Sciences Malm\u00f6, Lund University, 20502 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"},{"name":"Center for Community-Based Healthcare Research and Education (CoHRE), Department of Functional Pathology, School of Medicine, Shimane University, Matsue 690-0823, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0670-9996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filip","family":"Jans\u00e5ker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Primary Health Care Research, Clinical Research Centre (CRC), Jan Waldenstr\u00f6ms Gata 35, Region Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital, 20502 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"},{"name":"Center for Primary Health Care Research, Department of Clinical Sciences Malm\u00f6, Lund University, 20502 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(02)02243-4","article-title":"The standardisation of terminology in lower urinary tract function: Report from the standardisation sub-committee of the International Continence Society","volume":"61","author":"Abrams","year":"2003","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.09.104","article-title":"Urinary incontinence in nulliparous women aged 25-64 years: A national survey","volume":"216","author":"Othman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. 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