{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T21:07:27Z","timestamp":1776719247469,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]],"date-time":"2022-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Analyses of meibography may help in the diagnosis, prevention, and management of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). However, there is currently a paucity of data regarding meibography analyses in the young elderly populations in the Nordic countries. In the current study, meibography of the upper and lower eyelids of 117 65-year-old residents in Oslo, Norway, who did not fulfil the diagnosis of dry eye disease (DED) were analysed. Meibomian gland (MG) dropout and tarsal areas were measured semi-automatically using ImageJ software. The relationship between morphological features of the MGs and clinical dry eye tests was examined. The median percent MG dropout was 26.1% and 40.7% in the upper and lower eyelids, respectively. There was no significant difference between males and females. None of the MG morphological parameters demonstrated significant values in discriminating abnormal dry eye symptom loads or MGD diagnosis from the normal loads. We therefore concluded that moderate MG atrophy was common among the Norwegian population of 65-year-olds without DED and showed no sexual differences. Meibography alone cannot discriminate MGD from non-MGD; thus, both morphological and functional MG tests are necessary when screening for MGD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11030527","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]],"date-time":"2022-01-20T22:51:06Z","timestamp":1642719066000},"page":"527","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Morphology of Meibomian Glands in a 65-Year-Old Norwegian Population without Dry Eye Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Xiangjun","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Geitmyrsveien 71, 0455 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, S\u00f8rlandet Hospital Arendal, 4838 Arendal, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1773-3780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reza A.","family":"Badian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"The Norwegian Dry Eye Clinic, 0366 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5015-5583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e5vard","family":"Hynne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Geitmyrsveien 71, 0455 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Behzod","family":"Tashbayev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Geitmyrsveien 71, 0455 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lene Hystad","family":"Hove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cariology and Gerodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4276-9611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janicke Liaaen","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Geitmyrsveien 71, 0455 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tor Paaske","family":"Utheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3181d4f366","article-title":"Nonobvious obstructive meibomian gland dysfunction","volume":"29","author":"Blackie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6997b","article-title":"The international workshop on meibomian gland dysfunction: Report of the definition and classification subcommittee","volume":"52","author":"Nelson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Investig. 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