{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T13:14:56Z","timestamp":1782306896906,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,22]],"date-time":"2022-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI14\/0063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI14\/0063"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI14\/0700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI14\/0700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI16\/0503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI16\/0503"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI17\/0420"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI17\/0420"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI17\/0498"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI17\/0498"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI20\/0106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI20\/0106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI20\/0137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI20\/0137"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: People living with HIV (PLWH) have an increased cardiovascular risk (CVR) owing to dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and HIV\/combination antiretroviral therapy (cART)-associated lipodystrophy (HALS). Atherosclerosis and inflammation are related to growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF15). The relationship between metabolic disturbances, HALS, and CVR with GDF15 in PLWH is not known. Research design and methods: Circulating GDF15 levels in 152 PLWH (with HALS = 60, without HALS = 43, cART-na\u00efve = 49) and 34 healthy controls were assessed in a cross-sectional study. Correlations with lipids, glucose homeostasis, fat distribution, and CVR were explored. Results: PLWH had increased circulating GDF15 levels relative to controls. The increase was the largest in cART-treated PLWH. Age, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance 1 (HOMA1-IR), HALS, dyslipidemia, C-reactive protein, and CVR estimated with the Framingham score correlated with GDF15 levels. The GDF15-Framingham correlation was lost after age adjustment. No correlation was found between GDF15 and the D:A:D Data Collection on Adverse Effects of Anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D) score estimated CVR. CVR independent predictors were patient group (na\u00efve, HALS\u2212, and HALS+) and cumulated protease inhibitor or nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor exposure. Conclusions: PLWH, especially when cART-treated, has increased GDF15 levels\u2014this increase is associated with dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, HALS, and inflammation-related parameters. GDF15 is unassociated with CVR when age-adjusted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11030549","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,23]],"date-time":"2022-01-23T20:34:40Z","timestamp":1642970080000},"page":"549","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Increased Circulating Levels of Growth Differentiation Factor 15 in Association with Metabolic Disorders in People Living with HIV Receiving Combined Antiretroviral Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1138-5770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pere","family":"Domingo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Gracia","family":"Mateo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan","family":"Villarroya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institut de Biomedicina Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), CIBER Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rub\u00e9n","family":"Cereijo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institut de Biomedicina Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), CIBER Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7355-7913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferran","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics and Data Management Core Facility, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6356-0836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan C.","family":"Domingo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institut de Biomedicina Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), CIBER Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Campderr\u00f3s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institut de Biomedicina Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), CIBER Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Gallego-Escuredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institut de Biomedicina Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), CIBER Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda del Mar","family":"Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Mur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noem\u00ed","family":"Corbacho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesc","family":"Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43003 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesc","family":"Villarroya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institut de Biomedicina Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), CIBER Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7968-4190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Giralt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institut de Biomedicina Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), CIBER Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61809-7","article-title":"The end of AIDS: HIV infection as a chronic disease","volume":"382","author":"Deeks","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000070","article-title":"Biologic aging, frailty, and age-related disease in chronic HIV infection","volume":"9","author":"Brothers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. 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