{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T11:54:29Z","timestamp":1790596469657,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]],"date-time":"2022-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiomyopathies are a group of structural and\/or functional myocardial disorders which encompasses hypertrophic, dilated, arrhythmogenic, restrictive, and other cardiomyopathies. Multimodality cardiac imaging techniques are the cornerstone of cardiomyopathy diagnosis; transthoracic echocardiography should be the first-line imaging modality due to its availability, and diagnosis should be confirmed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance, which will provide more accurate morphologic and functional information, as well as extensive tissue characterization. Multimodality cardiac imaging techniques are also essential in assessing the prognosis of patients with cardiomyopathies; left ventricular ejection fraction and late gadolinium enhancement are two of the main variables used for risk stratification, and they are incorporated into clinical practice guidelines. Finally, periodic testing with cardiac imaging techniques should also be performed due to the evolving and progressive natural history of most cardiomyopathies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11030578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T20:40:18Z","timestamp":1643143218000},"page":"578","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Multimodality Cardiac Imaging in Cardiomyopathies: From Diagnosis to Prognosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Guillem","family":"Casas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Imaging Unit and Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases Unit, Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d\u2019Hebron, Vall d\u2019Hebron Institut de Recerca, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department de Medicina, Universitat Aut\u00f3noma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 F.","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Palomares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Imaging Unit and Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases Unit, Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d\u2019Hebron, Vall d\u2019Hebron Institut de Recerca, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department de Medicina, Universitat Aut\u00f3noma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehm342","article-title":"Classification of the cardiomyopathies: A position statement from the european society of cardiology working group on myocardial and pericardial diseases","volume":"29","author":"Elliott","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2733","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu284","article-title":"2014 ESC guidelines on diagnosis and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: The task force for the diagnosis and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)","volume":"35","author":"Elliott","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.08.045","article-title":"2020 AHA\/ACC Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"76","author":"Ommen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeu291","article-title":"Role of multimodality cardiac imaging in the management of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: An expert consensus of the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging Endorsed by the Saudi Heart Association","volume":"16","author":"Cardim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Hear. J.-Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.14393","article-title":"Structural abnormalities in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy beyond left ventricular hypertrophy by multimodality imaging evaluation","volume":"36","author":"Niella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeaa423","article-title":"Long-term risk of sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A cardiac magnetic resonance outcome study","volume":"22","author":"Greulich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Hear. J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.583500","article-title":"Prevalence, Clinical Profile, and Significance of Left Ventricular Remodeling in the End-Stage Phase of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"114","author":"Harris","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"2010","article-title":"A novel clinical risk prediction model for sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM Risk-SCD)","volume":"35","author":"Jichi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2018.07.016","article-title":"Prognostic Value of Global Longitudinal Strain in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Systematic Review of Existing Literature","volume":"12","author":"Mohananey","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(20)30267-3","article-title":"Diagnosis and risk stratification in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy using machine learning wall thickness measurement: A comparison with human test-retest performance","volume":"3","author":"Augusto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Digit. Health"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.007094","article-title":"Prognostic Value of Quantitative Contrast-Enhanced Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance for the Evaluation of Sudden Death Risk in Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"130","author":"Chan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.05.060","article-title":"Late Gadolinium Enhancement in Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and Preserved Systolic Function","volume":"72","author":"Mentias","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-019-0561-4","article-title":"The amount of late gadolinium enhancement outperforms current guideline-recommended criteria in the identification of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy at risk of sudden cardiac death","volume":"21","author":"Freitas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2004.03.035","article-title":"The histologic basis of late gadolinium enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"43","author":"Moon","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.05.007","article-title":"Myocardial Scar Visualized by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging Predicts Major Adverse Events in Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"56","author":"Bruder","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2016.02.031","article-title":"Prognostic Value of LGE-CMR in HCM: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"9","author":"Weng","year":"2016","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2010.11.015","article-title":"Evaluation of Techniques for the Quantification of Myocardial Scar of Differing Etiology Using Cardiac Magnetic Resonance","volume":"4","author":"Flett","year":"2011","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jey135","article-title":"Progression of myocardial fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Mechanisms and clinical implications","volume":"20","author":"Raman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2011.11.021","article-title":"Prognostic Value of Late Gadolinium Enhancement in Clinical Outcomes for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"5","author":"Green","year":"2012","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.112.976738","article-title":"Myocardial Tissue Characterization Using Magnetic Resonance Noncontrast T1 Mapping in Hypertrophic and Dilated Cardiomyopathy","volume":"5","author":"Dass","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2020.03.002","article-title":"Native T1 and T2 provide distinctive signatures in hypertrophic cardiac conditions\u2014Comparison of uremic, hypertensive and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"306","author":"Arcari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661673","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.661673","article-title":"Incremental Values of T1 Mapping in the Prediction of Sudden Cardiac Death Risk in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Comparison With Two Guidelines","volume":"8","author":"Qin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5136","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-017-4869-x","article-title":"Prediction of the estimated 5-year risk of sudden cardiac death and syncope or non-sustained ventricular tachycardia in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy using late gadolinium enhancement and extracellular volume CMR","volume":"27","author":"Avanesov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jew190","article-title":"The clinical use of stress echocardiography in non-ischaemic heart disease: Recommendations from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the American Society of Echocardiography","volume":"17","author":"Lancellotti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Hear. J.-Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smiseth, A.O., Morris, A.D., Cardim, N., Cikes, M., Delgado, V., Donal, E., Flachskampf, A.F., Galderisi, M., Gerber, B.L., and Gimelli, A. (2021). Multimodality imaging in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: An expert consensus document of the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur. Heart J.-Cardiovasc. Imaging.","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeab154"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-012-2674-0","article-title":"Assessment of myocardial fibrosis and coronary arteries in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy using combined arterial and delayed enhanced CT: Comparison with MR and coronary angiography","volume":"23","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1850","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv727","article-title":"Proposal for a revised definition of dilated cardiomyopathy, hypokinetic non-dilated cardiomyopathy, and its implications for clinical practice: A position statement of the ESC working group on myocardial and pericardial diseases","volume":"37","author":"Pinto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jev014","article-title":"Recommendations for Cardiac Chamber Quantification by Echocardiography in Adults: An Update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging","volume":"16","author":"Lang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J.-Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3599","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab368","article-title":"2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure","volume":"42","author":"McDonagh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"240","article-title":"2013 ACCF\/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: A report of the american college of cardiology foundation\/american heart association task force on practice guidelines","volume":"128","author":"Yancy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.04.061","article-title":"Global 2-Dimensional Strain as a New Prognosticator in Patients With Heart Failure","volume":"54","author":"Cho","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs016","article-title":"A novel clinical method for quantification of regional left ventricular pressure\u2013strain loop area: A non-invasive index of myocardial work","volume":"33","author":"Russell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeaa162","article-title":"Incremental prognostic value of global myocardial work over ejection fraction and global longitudinal strain in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jez178","article-title":"Multimodality imaging in the diagnosis, risk stratification, and management of patients with dilated cardiomyopathies: An expert consensus document from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging","volume":"20","author":"Donal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J.-Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.07.049","article-title":"Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, Fibrosis, and Prognosis in Dilated Cardiomyopathy","volume":"48","author":"Assomull","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.03.018","article-title":"Late Gadolinium Enhancement by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Heralds an Adverse Prognosis in Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"51","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2018.03.006","article-title":"The Prognostic Value of Late Gadolinium-Enhanced Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Nonischemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy","volume":"11","author":"Becker","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2016.09.017","article-title":"Late Gadolinium Enhancement and the Risk for Ventricular Arrhythmias or Sudden Death in Dilated Cardiomyopathy","volume":"5","author":"Anguera","year":"2017","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2013.05.013","article-title":"CMR Quantification of Myocardial Scar Provides Additive Prognostic Information in Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"6","author":"Neilan","year":"2013","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.026910","article-title":"Association Between Midwall Late Gadolinium Enhancement and Sudden Cardiac Death in Patients With Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Mild and Moderate Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction","volume":"135","author":"Halliday","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2018.07.015","article-title":"Outcome in Dilated Cardiomyopathy Related to the Extent, Location, and Pattern of Late Gadolinium Enhancement","volume":"12","author":"Halliday","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.04.030","article-title":"Improved Risk Stratification for Ventricular Arrhythmias and Sudden Death in Patients With Nonischemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy","volume":"77","author":"Brown","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.11.006","article-title":"Progression of Myocardial Fibrosis in Nonischemic DCM and Association with Mortality and Heart Failure Outcomes","volume":"14","author":"Mandawat","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2017.10.024","article-title":"Feature-Tracking Global Longitudinal Strain Predicts Death in a Multicenter Population of Patients With Ischemic and Nonischemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy Incremental to Ejection Fraction and Late Gadolinium Enhancement","volume":"11","author":"Romano","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2015.12.001","article-title":"T1-Mapping and Outcome in Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy All-Cause Mortality and Heart Failure","volume":"9","author":"Puntmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.111.967836","article-title":"Improved Detection of Myocardial Involvement in Acute Inflammatory Cardiomyopathies Using T2 Mapping","volume":"5","author":"Thavendiranathan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.002518","article-title":"The Prevalence and Prognostic Significance of Right Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction in Nonischemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy","volume":"128","author":"Gulati","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2016.01.027","article-title":"The Prognostic Impact of the Evolution of RV Function in Idiopathic DCM","volume":"9","author":"Merlo","year":"2016","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006894","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.117.006894","article-title":"Prognostic value of right ventricular dysfunction in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: Superiority of longitudinal strain over tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion","volume":"11","author":"Carluccio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2011.225789","article-title":"Independent prognostic value of functional mitral regurgitation in patients with heart failure. A quantitative analysis of 1256 patients with ischaemic and non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"97","author":"Rossi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.06.020","article-title":"Identification of Typical Left Bundle Branch Block Contraction by Strain Echocardiography Is Additive to Electrocardiography in Prediction of Long-Term Outcome After Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy","volume":"66","author":"Risum","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2015.04.021","article-title":"Left atrial function, a new predictor of response to cardiac resynchronization therapy?","volume":"12","author":"Feneon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jex191","article-title":"Role ofmyocardial constructive work in the identification of responders to CRT","volume":"19","author":"Galli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3813","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa603","article-title":"Imaging predictors of response to cardiac resynchronization therapy: Left ventricular work asymmetry by echocardiography and septal viability by cardiac magnetic resonance","volume":"41","author":"Aalen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1067\/mnc.2003.2","article-title":"I-123 MIBG imaging and heart rate variability analysis to predict the need for an implantable cardioverter defribillator","volume":"10","author":"Arora","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-016-1024-8","article-title":"Assessment of myocardial delayed enhancement with cardiac computed tomography in cardiomyopathies: A prospective comparison with delayed enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"33","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jex034","article-title":"Multimodality Imaging in Restrictive Cardiomyopathies: An EACVI expert consensus document In collaboration with the \u201cWorking Group on myocardial and pericardial diseases\u201d of the European Society of Cardiology Endorsed by The Indian Academy of Echocardiogr","volume":"18","author":"Habib","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2018.01.045","article-title":"Idiopathic Restrictive Cardiomyopathy in Children and Young Adults","volume":"121","author":"Anderson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.recesp.2017.05.018","article-title":"Diagn\u00f3stico y tratamiento de la amiloidosis cardiaca por transtiretina. Progreso y esperanza","volume":"70","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Espa\u00f1ola Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2019.07.015","article-title":"How to Image Cardiac Amyloidosis: A Practical Approach","volume":"13","author":"Dorbala","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"398","article-title":"Prognosis of Light Chain Amyloidosis With Preserved LVEF: Added Value of 2D Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography to the Current Prognostic Staging System","volume":"10","author":"Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2879","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx350","article-title":"Unveiling transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis and its predictors among elderly patients with severe aortic stenosis undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement","volume":"38","author":"Narotsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006075","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.119.006075","article-title":"Expert Consensus Recommendations for the Suspicion and Diagnosis of Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis","volume":"12","author":"Maurer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590557","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2020.590557","article-title":"The Role of Multi-modality Imaging in the Diagnosis of Cardiac Amyloidosis: A Focused Update","volume":"7","author":"Khanna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.016567","article-title":"Prognostic Value of Late Gadolinium Enhancement Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Cardiac Amyloidosis","volume":"132","author":"Fontana","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.03.010","article-title":"Native T1 Mapping, Extracellular Volume Mapping, and Late Gadolinium Enhancement in Cardiac Amyloidosis: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.05.053","article-title":"Magnetic Resonance in Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis","volume":"70","author":"Treibel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12511","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of imaging investigations in detecting and differentiating cardiac amyloidosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Brownrigg","year":"2019","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.04.022","article-title":"Cardiac Scintigraphy With Technetium-99m-Labeled Bone-Seeking Tracers for Suspected Amyloidosis","volume":"75","author":"Hanna","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jew325","article-title":"Prognostic utility of the Perugini grading of 99mTc-DPD scintigraphy in transthyretin (ATTR) amyloidosis and its relationship with skeletal muscle and soft tissue amyloid","volume":"18","author":"Hutt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2016.2839","article-title":"Multicenter Study of Planar Technetium 99m Pyrophosphate Cardiac Imaging","volume":"1","author":"Castano","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2017.06.020","article-title":"Regional Variation in Technetium Pyrophosphate Uptake in Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis and Impact on Mortality","volume":"11","author":"Sperry","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-016-0233-6","article-title":"Cardiovascular magnetic resonance demonstration of the spectrum of morphological phenotypes and patterns of myocardial scarring in Anderson-Fabry disease","volume":"18","author":"Deva","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht098","article-title":"Two-dimensional speckle tracking as a non-invasive tool for identification of myocardial fibrosis in Fabry disease","volume":"34","author":"Niemann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehj.2003.09.017","article-title":"Gadolinium enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance in Anderson-Fabry disease Evidence for a disease specific abnormality of the myocardial interstitium","volume":"24","author":"Moon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-015-0253-6","article-title":"Recommendations for initiation and cessation of enzyme replacement therapy in patients with Fabry disease: The European Fabry Working Group consensus document","volume":"10","author":"Biegstraaten","year":"2015","journal-title":"Orphanet, J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e007168","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.117.007168","article-title":"Cardiac Phenotype of Prehypertrophic Fabry Disease","volume":"11","author":"Nordin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-015-3036-3","article-title":"First experience of simultaneous PET\/MRI for the early detection of cardiac involvement in patients with Anderson-Fabry disease","volume":"42","author":"Nappi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2266","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-017-3778-1","article-title":"Cardiac sympathetic neuronal damage precedes myocardial fibrosis in patients with Anderson-Fabry disease","volume":"44","author":"Imbriaco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.03.083","article-title":"Iron Overload Cardiomyopathy: Better Understanding of an Increasing Disorder","volume":"56","author":"Gujja","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.874487","article-title":"Cardiac T2* magnetic resonance for prediction of cardiac complications in Thalassemia Major","volume":"120","author":"Kirk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20981","article-title":"MRI detects myocardial iron in the human heart","volume":"56","author":"Ghugre","year":"2006","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.2002.01058.x","article-title":"Determination of cardiac involvement in sarcoidosis by magnetic resonance imaging and Doppler echocardiography","volume":"252","author":"Skold","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3427","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab364","article-title":"2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy","volume":"42","author":"Glikson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e007030","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.117.007030","article-title":"Complementary Value of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Positron Emission Tomography\/Computed Tomography in the Assessment of Cardiac Sarcoidosis","volume":"11","author":"Vita","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.111.090662","article-title":"The Use of 18F-FDG PET in the Diagnosis of Cardiac Sarcoidosis: A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis Including the Ontario Experience","volume":"53","author":"Youssef","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.09.022","article-title":"Cardiac Positron Emission Tomography Enhances Prognostic Assessments of Patients With Suspected Cardiac Sarcoidosis","volume":"63","author":"Blankstein","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2017.02.021","article-title":"Hybrid Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Positron Emission Tomography With Fluorodeoxyglucose to Diagnose Active Cardiac Sarcoidosis","volume":"11","author":"Dweck","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-010-9753-6","article-title":"Echocardiography accurately assesses the pathological abnormalities of chronic endomyocardial fibrosis","volume":"27","author":"Mocumbi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0708629","article-title":"A Population Study of Endomyocardial Fibrosis in a Rural Area of Mozambique","volume":"359","author":"Mocumbi","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.110.950675","article-title":"Late Gadolinium Enhancement Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Endomyocardial Fibrosis Patients","volume":"4","author":"Salemi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"1533","article-title":"Diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy\/dysplasia: Proposed Modification of the Task Force Criteria","volume":"121","author":"Marcus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2020.06.005","article-title":"Diagnosis of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy: The Padua criteria","volume":"319","author":"Corrado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"2613","article-title":"Arrhythmogenic left ventricular cardiomyopathy","volume":"120","author":"Corrado","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.04.023","article-title":"Prognostic Value of Magnetic Resonance Phenotype in Patients With Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy","volume":"75","author":"Aquaro","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2012.05.008","article-title":"Early Detection of Regional Functional Abnormalities in Asymptomatic ARVD\/C Gene Carriers","volume":"25","author":"Teske","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.113.000210","article-title":"Different prognostic value of functional right ventricular parameters in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy\/dysplasia","volume":"7","author":"Saguner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr069","article-title":"Right ventricular mechanical dispersion is related to malignant arrhythmias: A study of patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy and subclinical right ventricular dysfunction","volume":"32","author":"Sarvari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr040","article-title":"Prognostic predictors in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: Results from a 10-year registry","volume":"32","author":"Pinamonti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"3227","article-title":"Treatment of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy\/dysplasia: An international task force consensus statement","volume":"36","author":"Corrado","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1850","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz103","article-title":"A new prediction model for ventricular arrhythmias in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy","volume":"40","author":"Bosman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61282-4","article-title":"Left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy","volume":"22","author":"Towbin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.82.2.507","article-title":"Isolated noncompaction of left ventricular myocardium. A study of eight cases","volume":"82","author":"Chin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(00)00755-5","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of 34 adults with isolated left ventricular noncompaction: A distinct cardiomyopathy with poor prognosis","volume":"36","author":"Oechslin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.03.045","article-title":"Left Ventricular Non-Compaction: Insights From Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"46","author":"Petersen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehp595","article-title":"Measurement of trabeculated left ventricular mass using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of left ventricular non-compaction","volume":"31","author":"Jacquier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/1532-429X-15-36","article-title":"Quantification of left ventricular trabeculae using fractal analysis","volume":"15","author":"Captur","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.08.035","article-title":"The Relationship of Left Ventricular Trabeculation to Ventricular Function and Structure Over a 9.5-Year Follow-Up","volume":"64","author":"Zemrak","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.117.006174","article-title":"Prevalence and Prognostic Significance of Left Ventricular Noncompaction in Patients Referred for Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"10","author":"Ivanov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e015563","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.015563","article-title":"Long-Term Survival of Patients With Left Ventricular Noncompaction","volume":"10","author":"Vaidya","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Hear. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.08.053","article-title":"Long-Term Prognostic Value of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance in Left Ventricle Noncompaction: A Prospective Multicenter Study","volume":"68","author":"Andreini","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.06.016","article-title":"Clinical Risk Prediction in Patients With Left Ventricular Myocardial Noncompaction","volume":"78","author":"Casas","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2009.182170","article-title":"Speckle myocardial imaging modalities for early detection of myocardial impairment in isolated left ventricular non-compaction","volume":"96","author":"Bellavia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-016-0980-3","article-title":"Left ventricular non-compaction and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: The significant diagnostic value of longitudinal strain","volume":"33","author":"Tarando","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e019209","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.019209","article-title":"Novel Approach to Risk Stratification in Left Ventricular Non-Compaction Using A Combined Cardiac Imaging and Plasma Biomarker Approach","volume":"10","author":"Ramchand","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Hear. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2018.12.029","article-title":"Meta-Analysis of the Prognostic Role of Late Gadolinium Enhancement and Global Systolic Impairment in Left Ventricular Noncompaction","volume":"12","author":"Grigoratos","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jey022","article-title":"Myocardial T1 mapping and extracellular volume quantification in patients with left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy","volume":"19","author":"Assuncao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Hear. J.-Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-020-0599-3","article-title":"Cardiovascular magnetic resonance based diagnosis of left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy: Impact of cine bSSFP strain analysis","volume":"22","author":"Dreisbach","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.26616","article-title":"Value of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Fractal Analysis Combined With Myocardial Strain in Discriminating Isolated Left Ventricular Noncompaction and Dilated Cardiomyopathy","volume":"50","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeaa110","article-title":"Left ventricular trabeculation and major adverse cardiovascular events: The Copenhagen General Population Study","volume":"22","author":"Sigvardsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Hear. J.-Cardiovasc. Imaging"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/3\/578\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:06:35Z","timestamp":1760133995000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/3\/578"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]]},"references-count":120,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm11030578"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11030578","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]]}}}