{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T03:46:10Z","timestamp":1783655170660,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Introduction: Iron deficiency (ID) contributes to impaired functional performance and reduced quality of life in patients with chronic illnesses. The role of ID in stroke is unclear. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the prevalence of ID and to evaluate its association with long-term functional outcome in patients with ischemic stroke. (2) Patients and Methods: 140 patients (age 69 \u00b1 13 years, BMI 27.7 \u00b1 4.6 kg\/m\u00b2, mean \u00b1 SD) admitted to a university hospital stroke Unit, with acute ischemic stroke of the middle cerebral artery were consecutively recruited to this observational study. Study examinations were completed after admission (3 \u00b1 2 days after acute stroke) and at one-year follow up (N = 64, 382 \u00b1 27 days after stroke). Neurological status was evaluated according to the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and the modified Rankin scale (mRS). Muscle isometric strength of the non-affected limb was assessed by the maximum handgrip test and knee extension leg test. ID was diagnosed with serum ferritin levels \u2264 100 \u00b5g\/L (ID Type I) or 100\u2013300 \u00b5g\/L if transferrin saturation (TSAT) &lt; 20% (ID Type II). (3) Results: The prevalence of ID in acute stroke patients was 48% (N = 67), with about two-thirds of patients (N = 45) displaying ID Type I and one-third (N = 22) Type II. Handgrip strength (HGS) and quadriceps muscle strength were reduced in patients with ID compared to patients without ID at baseline (HGS: 26.5 \u00b1 10.4 vs. 33.8 \u00b1 13.2 kg, p &lt; 0.001 and quadriceps: 332 \u00b1 130 vs. 391 \u00b1 143 N, p = 0.06). One year after stroke, prevalence of ID increased to 77% (p = 0.001). While an improvement of HGS was observed in patients with normal iron status, patients with ID had no improvement in HGS difference (4.6 \u00b1 8.3 vs. \u22120.7 \u00b1 6.5 kg, p &lt; 0.05). Patients with ID remained with lower HGS compared to patients with normal iron status (28.2 \u00b1 12.5 vs. 44.0 \u00b1 8.6 kg, p &lt; 0.0001). (4) Conclusions: Prevalence of ID was high in patients after acute stroke and further increased one year after stroke. ID was associated with lower muscle strength in acute stroke patients. In patients with ID, skeletal muscle strength did not improve one year after stroke.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11030595","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T20:40:18Z","timestamp":1643143218000},"page":"595","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Iron Deficiency and Reduced Muscle Strength in Patients with Acute and Chronic Ischemic Stroke"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5890-9888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadja","family":"Scherbakov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Berlin Institute of Health, Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, 10785 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"Sandek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University of G\u00f6ttingen, 37073 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site G\u00f6ttingen, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8622-0810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miroslava","family":"Valentova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University of G\u00f6ttingen, 37073 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site G\u00f6ttingen, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antje","family":"Mayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Berlin Institute of Health, Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"von Haehling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University of G\u00f6ttingen, 37073 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site G\u00f6ttingen, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Jankowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Heart Disease, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Institute of Heart Disease, University Hospital, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan D.","family":"Anker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Berlin Institute of Health, Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, 10785 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Division of Cardiology and Metabolism-Heart Failure, Cachexia & Sarcopenia, Department of Cardiology (CVK), Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7598-708X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfram","family":"Doehner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Berlin Institute of Health, Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, 10785 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1159\/000506396","article-title":"Global, Regional and Country-Specific Burden of Ischaemic Stroke, Intracerebral Haemorrhage and Subarachnoid Haemorrhage: A Systematic Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"54","author":"Krishnamurthi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2015.03.008","article-title":"Decompensated Heart Failure Is a 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