{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T15:02:54Z","timestamp":1791644574283,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Surgical treatment of advanced lymphedema is challenging and outcomes are suboptimal. Physiologic procedures including lymphaticovenous anastomosis (LVA) and vascularized lymph node transfer (VLNT) improve lymphatic flow but cannot reverse fibrofatty tissue deposition, whereas liposuction removes fibrofatty tissue but cannot prevent disease progression. The adjunctive use of nanofibrillar collagen scaffolds (BioBridgeTM) can promote lymphangiogenesis. We report a treatment algorithm utilizing a multimodality approach to achieve sustained normal limb volumes in patients with stage II-III lymphedema. A retrospective review of late stage II-III lymphedema patients treated with liposuction, physiologic procedures, and BioBridgeTM from 2016 through 2019 was conducted. Treatment outcome in the form of excess volume reduction is reported. Total of 14 patients underwent surgical treatment of late stage II and III lymphedema according to our triple therapy algorithm. Patients had a baseline median volume excess of 29% (19.8, 43.3%). The median volume excess was improved to 0.5% (\u22124.3, 3.8%) at 14.4 months from the first stage surgery (p &lt; 0.05) and further improved to \u22121.0% (\u22123.3, 1.3%) after triple therapy with BB placement at 24.6 months. A triple therapy surgical treatment algorithm can optimize outcomes and achieve sustained normalization of limb volume in late stage II-III lymphedema. The incorporation of nanofibrillar collagen scaffold technology allows for improved and sustained volume reduction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11030598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T20:40:18Z","timestamp":1643143218000},"page":"598","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Multimodality Approach to Lymphedema Surgery Achieves and Maintains Normal Limb Volumes: A Treatment Algorithm to Optimize Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6555-0300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Deptula","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Posternak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9494-7523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dung","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S384","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000002695","article-title":"Combined Liposuction and Physiologic Treatment Achieves Durable Limb Volume Normalization in Class II\u2013III Lymphedema: A Treatment Algorithm to Optimize Outcomes","volume":"86","author":"Brazio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. 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