{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T18:21:33Z","timestamp":1778178093228,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urinary incontinence is a common problem that affects postmenopausal women. This ailment has a negative impact on many aspects of life, significantly limiting everyday functioning related to professional work, physical activity or the intimate sphere. The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of the sonofeedback method in reducing the severity of urinary incontinence in postmenopausal women with a urinary incontinence problem. A total of 60 patients aged 45\u201365 with stress urinary incontinence, confirmed by a gynecologist, were qualified for the study. All persons qualified for the study were randomly assigned to study group A (n = 20), comparative B (n = 20) and control C (n = 20). Patients from group A were treated with sonofeedback of the pelvic floor muscles. In group B, the combined electrostimulation method was used with biofeedback training. Group C was a control group in which only the measured parameters were measured at the same time interval as those carried out in groups A and B. In all patients, three times: before the therapy, after the fifth procedure and after the end of the therapy, the incidence and severity of stress urinary incontinence were assessed\u2014Gaudenz questionnaire and the intensity of urinary incontinence\u2014a modified 1 h pad test. The obtained results have an application value giving the possibility of using effective therapy with sonofeedback in women in whom the recommended electrostimulation method cannot be used due to health and behavioral reasons.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11030659","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T22:00:56Z","timestamp":1643320856000},"page":"659","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Assessment of the Effectiveness of the Sonofeedback Method in the Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence in Women\u2014Preliminary Report"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7921-7058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Ko\u0142ody\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences, University of Social and Medical Sciences in Warsaw, 04-367 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0924-6870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Zalewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Wroc\u0142aw, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Independent Public Health Care Center of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration in Wroclaw, Department of Gynaecology, 50-233 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7462-3524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Mucha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Waldemar","family":"Andrzejewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Opole, 45-040 Opole, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"115","article-title":"Is it possible to estimate urethral mobility based on maximal urethral closure pressure measurements?","volume":"84","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ceska Gynekol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-019-04075-9","article-title":"Biomarkers in the diagnosis and symptom assessment of patients with bladder pain syndrome: A systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Magalhaes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"186","article-title":"Urethral function and histopathology in aged female rats as a stress urinary incontinence model","volume":"11","author":"Ohashi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Low. Urin. Tract Symptoms"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.24275","article-title":"Do overactive bladder symptoms and their treatment-associated changes exhibit a normal distribution? Implications for analysis and reporting","volume":"39","author":"Amiri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajur.2017.09.001","article-title":"Contemporary diagnostics and treatment options for female stress urinary incontinence","volume":"5","author":"Heesakkers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Abrams, P., Cardozo, L., Khoury, S., and Wein, A.W. (2008, January 5\u20139). Epidemiology of Urinary (UI) and Faecal (FI) Incontinence and Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP). Proceedings of the Incontinence, 4th International Consultation on Incontinence, Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2015.06.003","article-title":"Role of pelvic floor in lower urinary tract function","volume":"200","author":"Chermansky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-S\u00e1nchez, E., \u00c1vila-Gand\u00eda, V., L\u00f3pez-Rom\u00e1n, J., Mart\u00ednez-Rodr\u00edguez, A., and Rubio-Arias, J.\u00c1. (2019). What Pelvic Floor Muscle Training Load is Optimal in Minimizing Urine Loss in Women with Stress Urinary Incontinence? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16224358"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-1591.109981","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of urinary incontinence in Indian women: A hospital-based survey","volume":"29","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.24237","article-title":"Incidence and remission of stress, urge, and mixed urinary incontinence in midlife and older women: A longitudinal cohort study","volume":"39","author":"Legendre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23864","article-title":"A narrative review of the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of latent stress urinary incontinence","volume":"38","author":"Edenfield","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1097\/GCO.0000000000000584","article-title":"Pelvic floor physical therapy in the treatment of pelvic floor dysfunction in women","volume":"31","author":"Wallace","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20888","article-title":"Why do women have stress urinary incontinence?","volume":"29","author":"DeLancey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphys.2019.11.001","article-title":"Erratum to \u2018Pelvic floor muscle training increases pelvic floor muscle strength more in post-menopausal women who are not using hormone therapy than in women who are using hormone therapy: A randomised trial\u2019","volume":"66","author":"Herbert","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Physiother."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-017-3485-2","article-title":"The retropubic sling more precisely restores the urethral closure mechanisms","volume":"29","author":"Petros","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20250","article-title":"The assessment of levator trauma: A comparison between palpation and 4D pelvic floor ultrasound","volume":"25","author":"Dietz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1080\/09593985.2017.1290171","article-title":"Ultrasound-based motor control training for the pelvic floor pre- and post-prostatectomy: Scoring reliability and skill acquisition","volume":"33","author":"Adams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiother. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.7257\/1053-816X.2014.34.4.193","article-title":"Pelvic floor muscle rehabilitation using biofeedback","volume":"34","author":"Newman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Urol. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s11934-018-0752-9","article-title":"Modern Theories of Pelvic Floor Support","volume":"19","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Urol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2007.2548","article-title":"Rehabilitative ultrasound imaging of pelvic floor muscle function","volume":"37","author":"Whittaker","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2875","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23805","article-title":"Agreement between simple catheter method and 3D transperineal ultrasound for assessing urethral length measurement before stress urinary incontinence treatment","volume":"37","author":"Fontaine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"577","article-title":"Biometria mi\u0119\u015bnia \u0142onowo-odbytniczego i przerwa w badaniu USG dna miednicy 3D [Biometry of the puborectal muscle and a break in the 3D ultrasound examination of the pelvic floor]","volume":"23","author":"Shek","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurourologia Urodynamika"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2142","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23258","article-title":"Effect of electromyographic biofeedback as an add-on to pelvic floor muscle exercises on neuromuscular outcomes and quality of life in postmenopausal women with stress urinary incontinence: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"36","author":"Bertotto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274938","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/274938","article-title":"Evaluation of bioelectrical activity of pelvic floor muscles and synergistic muscles depending on orientation of pelvis in menopausal women with symptoms of stress urinary incontinence: A preliminary observational study","volume":"2014","author":"Halski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"28","article-title":"Przydatno\u015b\u0107 bada\u0144 urodynamicznych w diagnostyce i leczeniu nietrzymania moczu u kobiet [Usefulness of urodynamic tests in the diagnosis and treatment of urinary incontinence in women]","volume":"4","author":"Szwedowski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Przegl\u0105d Urol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"338","article-title":"Warto\u015b\u0107 diagnostyczna wybranych kwestionariuszy (UDI 6SF, Gaudenza, MESA, ICIQ-SF, oraz King\u2019s Health Questionnaire) w rozpoznawaniu r\u00f3\u017cnych postaci klinicznych nietrzymania moczu u kobiet [Diagnostic value of selected questionnaires (UDI 6SF, Gaudenza, MESA, ICIQ-SF, and King\u2019s Health Questionnaire) in the diagnosis of various clinical forms of urinary incontinence in women]","volume":"79","author":"Kieres","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ginekol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"29","article-title":"Metody leczenia nietrzymania moczu [Treatment of urinary incontinence]","volume":"3","author":"Purc","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2017.11.073","article-title":"A Randomized Comparative Study Evaluating Various Cough Stress Tests and 24-Hour Pad Test with Urodynamics in the Diagnosis of Stress Urinary Incontinence","volume":"199","author":"Henderson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.22867","article-title":"Differences in motor learning of pelvic floor muscle contraction between women with and without stress urinary incontinence: Evaluation by transabdominal ultrasonography","volume":"36","author":"Yoshida","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-9514(05)70023-4","article-title":"Investigation of transabdominal real-time ultrasound to visualise the muscles of the pelvic floor","volume":"51","author":"Sherburn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aust. J. Physiother."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-013-2071-5","article-title":"Transvaginal electrical stimulation with surface-EMG biofeedback in managing stress urinary incontinence in women of premenopausal age: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial","volume":"24","author":"Terlikowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-35552011005000026","article-title":"Biofeedback and the electromyographic activity of pelvic floor muscles in pregnant women","volume":"15","author":"Batista","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Fisioter."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1571252","article-title":"Conservative Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"38","author":"Moroni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Ginecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.22326","article-title":"Evaluation of a new disposable \"tampon like\" electrostimulation technology (Pelviva\u00ae) for the treatment of urinary incontinence in women: A 12-week single blind randomized controlled trial","volume":"32","author":"Oldham","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S152616","article-title":"Pessary use in stress urinary incontinence: A review of advantages, complications, patient satisfaction, and quality of life","volume":"10","author":"Syed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Womens Health"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.23736\/S0026-4784.18.04203-X","article-title":"Preoperative and postoperative ultrasound assessment of stress urinary incontinence","volume":"71","author":"Antonazzo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Minerva Ginecol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-021-05781-w","article-title":"Intravaginal electrical stimulation associated with pelvic floor muscle training for women with stress urinary incontinence: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial with economic evaluation","volume":"22","author":"Reis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trials."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.53.8.453","article-title":"Urinary incontinence in middle aged women: Childhood enuresis and other lifetime risk factors in a British prospective cohort","volume":"53","author":"Kuh","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/3\/659\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:09:01Z","timestamp":1760134141000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/3\/659"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm11030659"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11030659","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]]}}}