{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T02:25:49Z","timestamp":1789784749665,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the apocrine glands characterized by recurrent episodes. Although several therapies exist, none is completely curative. Several immunosuppressives have been studied with encouraging results and targeted approaches. In this review, we highlight the various immunosuppressives used in this condition along with their salient features to enable physicians to choose the correct therapy for their patients. The search of the peer-reviewed literature included clinical trials, scientific reviews, case series, case reports, and guidelines. The literature was identified from electronic databases (MEDLINE and PubMed) through November 2021; additional articles were included from the references of the identified articles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11030670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T22:00:56Z","timestamp":1643320856000},"page":"670","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Efficacy and Toxicity of Classical Immunosuppressants, Retinoids and Biologics in Hidradenitis Suppurativa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1719-3465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kinnor","family":"Das","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Venereology and Leprosy, Silchar Medical College, Silchar 788014, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Daveluy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5915-4640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Kroumpouzos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Medical School of Jundia\u00ed, S\u00e3o Paulo 13202-550, Brazil"},{"name":"GK Dermatology, P.C, Weymouth, MA 02190, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Komal","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, CNMC, Kolkata 700014, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Indrashis","family":"Podder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, College of Medicine and Sagore Dutta Hospital, Kolkata 700058, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Farnbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5028-9269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex G.","family":"Ortega-Loayza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0766-6342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek C.","family":"Szepietowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6863-8719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephan","family":"Grabbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8646-1179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamad","family":"Goldust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1014163","article-title":"Hidradenitis Suppurativa","volume":"366","author":"Jemec","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. 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