{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T22:18:14Z","timestamp":1790633894146,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]],"date-time":"2022-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective. To assess the effects of neurostimulation (i.e., neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) and pharyngeal electrical stimulation (PES)) in people with oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD). Methods. Systematic literature searches were conducted to retrieve randomised controlled trials in four electronic databases (CINAHL, Embase, PsycINFO, and PubMed). The methodological quality of included studies was assessed using the Revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomised trials (RoB 2). Results. In total, 42 studies reporting on peripheral neurostimulation were included: 30 studies on NMES, eight studies on PES, and four studies on combined neurostimulation interventions. When conducting meta analyses, significant, large and significant, moderate pre-post treatment effects were found for NMES (11 studies) and PES (five studies), respectively. Between-group analyses showed small effect sizes in favour of NMES, but no significant effects for PES. Conclusions. NMES may have more promising effects compared to PES. However, NMES studies showed high heterogeneity in protocols and experimental variables, the presence of potential moderators, and inconsistent reporting of methodology. Therefore, only conservative generalisations and interpretation of meta-analyses could be made. To facilitate comparisons of studies and determine intervention effects, there is a need for more randomised controlled trials with larger population sizes, and greater standardisation of protocols and guidelines for reporting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11030776","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]],"date-time":"2022-01-31T08:20:29Z","timestamp":1643617229000},"page":"776","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Neurostimulation in People with Oropharyngeal Dysphagia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Randomised Controlled Trials\u2014Part I: Pharyngeal and Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2828-8897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ren\u00e9e","family":"Speyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Special Needs Education, Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Curtin School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, 1233 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0759-123X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna-Liisa","family":"Sutt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4032, Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6749-9390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liza","family":"Bergstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remeo Stockholm, 128 64 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Speech Therapy Clinic, Danderyd University Hospital, 182 88 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaheen","family":"Hamdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GI Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8309-8773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bas Joris","family":"Heijnen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, 1233 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2029-3037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lianne","family":"Remijn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Health, HAN University of Applied Sciences, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Wilkes-Gillan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Occupational Therapy, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9906-5300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reinie","family":"Cordier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Curtin School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Social Work, Education and Community Wellbeing, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7XA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Speyer, R. 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