{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T03:19:35Z","timestamp":1790824775645,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]],"date-time":"2022-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We assessed differences in long-term all-cause and cardiovascular (CV) mortality in heart failure (HF) outpatients based on the etiology of HF. Consecutive patients admitted to the HF Clinic from August 2001 to September 2019 (N = 2587) were considered for inclusion. HF etiology was divided into ischemic heart disease (IHD), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), hypertensive heart disease, alcoholic cardiomyopathy, drug-induced cardiomyopathy (DICM), valvular heart disease, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. All-cause death and CV death were the primary end points. Among 2387 patients included in the analysis (mean age 66.5 \u00b1 12.5 years, 71.3% men), 1317 deaths were recorded (731 from CV cause) over a maximum follow-up of 18 years (median 4.1 years, interquartile range (IQR) 2\u20137.8). Considering IHD as the reference, only DCM had a lower risk of all-cause death (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 0.68, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.56\u20130.83, p &lt; 0.001), and only DICM had a higher risk of all-cause death (aHR 1.47, 95% CI 1.02\u20132.11, p = 0.04). However, almost all etiologies had a significantly lower risk of CV death than IHD. Among the studied HF etiologies, DCM and DICM have the lowest and highest risk of all-cause death, respectively, whereas IHD has the highest adjusted risk of CV death.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11030784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T09:59:21Z","timestamp":1643709561000},"page":"784","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Cause of Death in Heart Failure Based on Etiology: Long-Term Cohort Study of All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0214-9082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giosafat","family":"Spitaleri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Failure Clinic and Cardiology Service, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabet","family":"Zamora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Failure Clinic and Cardiology Service, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9667-7507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"German","family":"Cediel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Failure Clinic and Cardiology Service, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2469-5711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pau","family":"Codina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Failure Clinic and Cardiology Service, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelyn","family":"Santiago-Vacas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Failure Clinic and Cardiology Service, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2935-1272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar","family":"Domingo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Failure Clinic and Cardiology Service, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5601-9611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josep","family":"Lup\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Failure Clinic and Cardiology Service, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Santesmases","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Failure Clinic and Cardiology Service, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Crisanto","family":"Diez-Quevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Failure Clinic and Cardiology Service, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Isabel","family":"Troya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Failure Clinic and Cardiology Service, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Boldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Failure Clinic and Cardiology Service, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvador","family":"Altimir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Failure Clinic and Cardiology Service, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N\u00faria","family":"Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Failure Clinic and Cardiology Service, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Failure Clinic and Cardiology Service, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoni","family":"Bayes-Genis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Failure Clinic and Cardiology Service, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03520420066040","article-title":"Overview of randomized trials of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. Collaborative group on ACE inhibitor trials","volume":"273","author":"Garg","year":"1995","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"396","article-title":"Changing characteristics and mode of death associated with chronic heart failure caused by left ventricular systolic dysfunction: A study across therapeutic eras","volume":"4","author":"Cubbon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79926-3","article-title":"Mortality trends in an ambulatory multidisciplinary heart failure unit from 2001 to 2018","volume":"11","author":"Spitaleri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs337","article-title":"Predicting survival in heart failure: A risk score based on 39 372 patients from 30 studies","volume":"34","author":"Pocock","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(87)91183-0","article-title":"Clinical determinants of mortality in chronic congestive heart failure secondary to idiopathic dilated or to ischemic cardiomyopathy","volume":"59","author":"Likoff","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.88.1.107","article-title":"Survival after the onset of congestive heart failure in Framingham Heart Study subjects","volume":"88","author":"Ho","year":"1993","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(96)00380-4","article-title":"Relation between gender, etiology and survival in patients with symptomatic heart failure","volume":"28","author":"Adams","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200004133421502","article-title":"Underlying causes and long-term survival in patients with initially unexplained cardiomyopathy","volume":"342","author":"Felker","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2010.01.011","article-title":"Heart failure etiology impacts survival of patients with heart failure","volume":"149","author":"Pecini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.11.066","article-title":"Estimated glomerular filtration rate and prognosis in heart failure: Value of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study-4, chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration, and cockroft-gault formulas","volume":"59","author":"Zamora","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.05.042","article-title":"Dynamic Trajectories of Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction in Heart Failure","volume":"72","author":"Ferrer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-8932(10)70089-0","article-title":"Mortality and cause of death in patients with heart failure: Findings at a specialist multidisciplinary heart failure unit","volume":"63","author":"Pons","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2002.20.5.1215","article-title":"Cardiac dysfunction in the trastuzumab clinical trials experience","volume":"20","author":"Seidman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Authors\/Task Force Members, Elliott, P.M., Anastasakis, A., Borger, M.A., Borggrefe, M., Cecchi, F., Charron, P., Hagege, A.A., Lafont, A., and Limongelli, G. (2014). 2014 ESC Guidelines on diagnosis and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur. Heart J., 35, 2733\u20132779.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu284"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1911303","article-title":"Dapagliflozin in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction","volume":"381","author":"McMurray","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2022190","article-title":"Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes with Empagliflozin in Heart Failure","volume":"383","author":"Packer","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2107038","article-title":"Empagliflozin in Heart Failure with a Preserved Ejection Fraction","volume":"385","author":"Anker","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv588","article-title":"Biomarkers of renal injury and function: Diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic implications in heart failure","volume":"37","author":"Ruilope","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.813","article-title":"Epidemiology and one-year outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved, mid-range and reduced ejection fraction: An analysis of the ESC Heart Failure Long-Term Registry","volume":"19","author":"Chioncel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2018-313234","article-title":"Cardiovascular phenotype and prognosis of patients with heart failure induced by cancer therapy","volume":"105","author":"Nadruz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.654","article-title":"2016 ESC Position Paper on cancer treatments and cardiovascular toxicity developed under the auspices of the ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines: The Task Force for cancer treatments and cardiovascular toxicity of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)","volume":"19","author":"Zamorano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2017.06.014","article-title":"Alcoholic cardiomyopathy: What is known and what is not known","volume":"43","author":"Mirijello","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.06.054","article-title":"Relationship of Alcohol Consumption to All-Cause, Cardiovascular, and Cancer-Related Mortality in U.S. Adults","volume":"70","author":"Xi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1710575","article-title":"Clinical Course and Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"379","author":"Maron","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2015.11.013","article-title":"What Do Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Die from?","volume":"117","author":"Maron","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2014.07.014","article-title":"Natural history and prognostic factors in alcoholic cardiomyopathy","volume":"3","author":"Segovia","year":"2015","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/3\/784\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:12:07Z","timestamp":1760134327000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/3\/784"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm11030784"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11030784","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]]}}}