{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T17:33:43Z","timestamp":1773423223357,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]],"date-time":"2022-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Numerous formulas that can predict endotracheal intubation depth at the corner of the mouth or the nasal wing of patients have been reported, even though the oral and nasal cavity anatomies differ among patients. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to derive a simple and reliable formula to predict the ideal endotracheal tube insertion depth at the vocal cord level in pediatric patients. The current study was conducted as a retrospective observational study, involving 425 and 335 cardiac pediatric patients in Germany and Japan, respectively, and aimed to determine a formula for predicting tracheal length and ideal depth of endotracheal intubation at the vocal cord level in pediatric patients. The distance between the vocal cords and the carina tracheae was defined as the tracheal length, and was measured on preoperative chest radiographs obtained in the supine position. The tracheal length in cardiac pediatric patients ranged from 6 to 10% of the body height in Germany and from 7 to 11% in Japan. This study revealed racial differences in the tracheal length, that is, in the ideal depth of endotracheal intubation at the vocal cord level. This study suggests that an adequate endotracheal intubation depth can be achieved by inserting endotracheal tubes at the vocal cord level with the minimum tracheal length of each racial group in pediatric patients, for example, 6% and 7% of the body height in Europeans and Asians, respectively. If the endotracheal tube inserted with this method appears to be shallow on chest radiographs, this does not represent an increased risk of accidental extubation, due to an excessively short intubation depth, because the minimum tracheal length for each racial group is considered. That is, it is not due to the endotracheal tube insertion length, but is likely due to the tracheal length of the patient, who has a relatively long tracheal length in the racial group.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11030864","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]],"date-time":"2022-02-07T08:38:48Z","timestamp":1644223128000},"page":"864","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Ideal Depth of Endotracheal Intubation at the Vocal Cord Level in Pediatric Patients Considering Racial Differences in Tracheal Length"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7926-7976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomohiro","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anesthesiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757, Asahimachi-dori, Chuo Ward, Niigata 951-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2377-3327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ehrenfried","family":"Schindler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeh023","article-title":"Shortcomings of cuffed paediatric tracheal tubes","volume":"92","author":"Weiss","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. 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