{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T02:57:19Z","timestamp":1764212239232,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]],"date-time":"2022-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The efficacy of lymphaticovenular anastomosis (LVA) for the treatment of primary lymphedema has been reported. Previous research suggested the efficacy of LVA on the anterior side of the lower limb, but no research has yet underlined the effectiveness of LVA on the posterior side. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the efficacy of LVA on the posterior side of the lower leg for treatment of primary lymphedema, i.e., whether further improvement of primary lower extremity lymphedema could be expected by performing LVA on the posterior side of the lower limb in addition to the LVA on the anterior side, which is usually performed. Forty-five patients with primary lower extremity lymphedema who underwent LVA twice between March 2018 and September 2020 were retrospectively investigated. Patients were classified into two groups: those who underwent LVA on the posterior side in the second operation (PoLVA group) and those who underwent LVA on the medial and anterior sides again in the second operation (MeLVA group). All patients underwent LVA on the medial and anterior sides in the first operation, but no sufficient improvement was observed. The following factors in the second operation were compared between the two groups: skin incision length, the number of anastomoses, the diameters of the lymphatic vessels, the time required for the dissection of the lymphatic vessels and veins and the reduction in volume. LVA resulted in 227 anastomoses (106 anastomoses in the PoLVA group and 121 anastomoses in the MeLVA group) in 26 patients with primary lymphedema of the lower extremities in two surgeries. The reduction in lower extremity lymphedema index was significantly greater in the PoLVA group than that in the MeLVA group (10.5 \u00b1 4.5 vs. 5.5 \u00b1 3.6; p = 0.008), and the number of anastomoses in the PoLVA group was significantly lower than that in the MeLVA group (3.5 \u00b1 0.6 vs. 4.6 \u00b1 1.0; p = 0.038). LVA on the posterior side subsequent to LVA on the medial and anterior sides resulted in the further improvement of primary lower extremity lymphedema with fewer numbers of anastomoses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11030867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]],"date-time":"2022-02-07T08:38:48Z","timestamp":1644223128000},"page":"867","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Additional Lymphaticovenular Anastomosis on the Posterior Side for Treatment of Primary Lower Extremity Lymphedema"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Akitatsu","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Lymphedema Center, Kameda General Hospital, Chiba 296-0041, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0041-5420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Visconti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del \u201cSacro Cuore\u201d, University Hospital \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chia-Shen (Johnson)","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nobuko","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Theory Clinic, Tokyo 104-0061, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hidehiko","family":"Yoshimatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital of the JFCR, Tokyo 135-0063, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-947150","article-title":"Supermicrosurgical LVA for the treatment of lymphedema in the upper extremities","volume":"16","author":"Koshima","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. 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