{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:50:22Z","timestamp":1787028622315,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Israeli Insurance Association research fund","award":["2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Long COVID has become a burden on healthcare systems worldwide. Research into the etiology and risk factors has been impeded by observing all diverse manifestations as part of a single entity. We aimed to determine patterns of symptoms in convalescing COVID-19 patients. Methods: Symptomatic patients were recruited from four countries. Data were collected regarding demographics, comorbidities, acute disease and persistent symptoms. Factor analysis was performed to elucidate symptom patterns. Associations of the patterns with patients\u2019 characteristics, features of acute disease and effect on daily life were sought. Results: We included 1027 symptomatic post-COVID individuals in the analysis. The majority of participants were graded as having a non-severe acute COVID-19 (N = 763, 74.3%). We identified six patterns of symptoms: cognitive, pain-syndrome, pulmonary, cardiac, anosmia-dysgeusia and headache. The cognitive pattern was the major symptoms pattern, explaining 26.2% of the variance; the other patterns each explained 6.5\u20139.5% of the variance. The cognitive pattern was higher in patients who were outpatients during the acute disease. The pain-syndrome pattern was associated with acute disease severity, higher in women and increased with age. The pulmonary pattern was associated with prior lung disease and severe acute disease. Only two of the patterns (cognitive and cardiac) were associated with failure to return to pre-COVID occupational and physical activity status. Conclusion: Long COVID diverse symptoms can be grouped into six unique patterns. Using these patterns in future research may improve our understanding of pathophysiology and risk factors of persistent COVID, provide homogenous terminology for clinical research, and direct therapeutic interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11040898","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T23:37:48Z","timestamp":1644363468000},"page":"898","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Patterns of Long COVID Symptoms: A Multi-Center Cross Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Dana","family":"Yelin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID Recovery Clinic, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tikva 4941492, Israel"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 6910203, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2622-418X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ili","family":"Margalit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID Recovery Clinic, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tikva 4941492, Israel"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 6910203, Israel"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tikva 4941492, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayssam","family":"Nehme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division and Department of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4027-8907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaume","family":"Bordas-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, 08907 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5612-6364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Pistelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical, Medical, and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Pulmonary Unit, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, University Hospital, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dafna","family":"Yahav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 6910203, Israel"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tikva 4941492, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Idris","family":"Guessous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division and Department of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Dur\u00e0-Miralles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 08003 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Carrozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4734-7744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irit","family":"Shapira-Lichter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 6910203, Israel"},{"name":"Functional MRI Center, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tikva 4941492, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pauline","family":"Vetter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0942-8156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dolores","family":"Peleato-Catalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ramona via Primary Care Center, El Prat de Llobregat, 08820 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giusy","family":"Tiseo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eytan","family":"Wirtheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Management, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva 4941492, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3095-4422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlota","family":"Gudiol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Duran y Reynals, Institut Catal\u00e0 d\u2019Oncologia (ICO), IDIBELL, 08908 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 08003 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Falcone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonard","family":"Leibovici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Authority, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tikva 4941492, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the LongCOV Research 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