{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T10:55:40Z","timestamp":1790420140551,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]],"date-time":"2022-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common upper extremity compression neuropathy. Non-operative interventions are usually the first-line treatments, and surgery is reserved for those that do not achieve a satisfactory symptom state by non-operative means. This narrative review summarizes the current evidence regarding the efficacy of orthoses, corticosteroid injections, platelet-rich plasma injections, Kinesio taping, neurodynamic techniques, gabapentin, therapeutic ultrasound, and extracorporeal shockwave therapy in people with CTS. While many trials suggest small short-term benefits, rigorous evidence of long-term patient-important benefits is limited. To improve the utility of healthcare resources, research in this area should focus on establishing efficacy of each treatment instead of comparing various treatments with uncertain benefits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11040950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,13]],"date-time":"2022-02-13T21:08:43Z","timestamp":1644786523000},"page":"950","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Update on Efficacy of Conservative Treatments for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Teemu","family":"Karjalanen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hand and Micosurgery, Tampere University Hospital, 33521 Tampere, Finland"},{"name":"Monash Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Cabrini Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Malvern, Melbourne 3144, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saara","family":"Raatikainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Musculoskeletal and Plastic Surgery Department, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kati","family":"Jaatinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Finland Healthcare District, 40620 Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vieda","family":"Lusa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Finland Healthcare District, 40620 Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.2.153","article-title":"Prevalence of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in a General Population","volume":"282","author":"Atroshi","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.3351","article-title":"Prevalence and Incidence of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in US Working Populations: Pooled Analysis of Six Prospective Studies","volume":"39","author":"Dale","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12855","article-title":"Diabetes as a Risk Factor for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"33","author":"Pourmemari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.688849","article-title":"Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, and the Risk of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study","volume":"12","author":"Mi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(97)80153-0","article-title":"A Case-Control Study of Obesity as a Risk Factor for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in a Population of 600 Patients Presenting for Independent Medical Examination","volume":"22","author":"Stallings","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JHSB.2004.02.009","article-title":"Risk Factors in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Geoghegan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08993-6","article-title":"A Genome-Wide Association Analysis Identifies 16 Novel Susceptibility Loci for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Wiberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880170311","article-title":"The Familial Occurrence of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Radecki","year":"1994","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"CD001552","article-title":"Surgical versus Non-Surgical Treatment for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome","volume":"2008","author":"Verdugo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.11.1459","article-title":"Multiperspective Follow-up of Untreated Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Multicenter Study","volume":"56","author":"Padua","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"259","article-title":"Long Term Follow-up of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome during Pregnancy: A Cohort Study and Review of the Literature","volume":"47","author":"Mondelli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Electromyogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"301","article-title":"The Natural History of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. A Study of 20 Hands Evaluated 4 to 9 Years after Initial Diagnosis","volume":"43","author":"Resende","year":"2003","journal-title":"Electromyogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2008.02.012","article-title":"Natural Evolution of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in Untreated Patients","volume":"119","author":"Calambas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.2912","article-title":"The Natural Course of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in a Working Population","volume":"36","author":"Silverstein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-7681(98)80009-0","article-title":"Correlation of Segmental Carpal Tunnel Pressures with Changes in Hand and Wrist Positions in Patients with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome and Controls","volume":"23","author":"Luchetti","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Br."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(96)00044-7","article-title":"Intracarpal Canal Pressures: The Role of Finger, Hand, Wrist and Forearm Position","volume":"12","author":"Werner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(05)80443-5","article-title":"In Vivo Measurement of Carpal Tunnel Pressure in the Functioning Hand","volume":"20","author":"Seradge","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.1105","article-title":"An Innovative Hand Brace for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"24","author":"Manente","year":"2001","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364615592695","article-title":"Comparison of the Efficacy of a Neutral Wrist Splint and a Wrist Splint Incorporating a Lumbrical Unit for the Treatment of Patients with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome","volume":"40","author":"Golriz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prosthet. Orthot. Int."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"CD010003","article-title":"Splinting for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome","volume":"2012","author":"Page","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1053\/mr.2000.3856","article-title":"Neutral Wrist Splinting in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Comparison of Night-Only versus Full-Time Wear Instructions","volume":"81","author":"Walker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750013","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218957717500130","article-title":"Efficacy of Long-Term Splinting in the Treatment of Severe Carpal Tunnel Syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Sanaee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Musculoskelet. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2049","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usaa222","article-title":"Splinting in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: The Optimal Duration","volume":"185","author":"Gatheridge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.58837\/CHULA.CMJ.61.2.2","article-title":"Neutral Wrist Splint for Mild to Moderate Carpal Tunnel Syndrome","volume":"61","author":"Boonhong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chulalongkorn Med. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1503-4","article-title":"Kinesiotaping as an Alternative Treatment Method for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome","volume":"46","author":"Bursali","year":"2016","journal-title":"Turk. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.2013.006031","article-title":"Investigating the Effectiveness of Full-Time Wrist Splinting and Education in the Treatment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"67","author":"Hall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Occup. Ther."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"43","article-title":"Efficacy of Kinesiotaping on Symptoms, Hand Functions, and Hand Grip Strength in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Single-Blind and Randomized Controlled Study","volume":"60","author":"Oncu","year":"2014","journal-title":"T\u00fcrkiye Fiz. Tip Rehabil. Derg."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"121","article-title":"Neutral Wrist Splinting in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A 3- and 6-Months Clinical and Neurophysiologic Follow-up Evaluation of Night-Only Splint Therapy","volume":"42","author":"Premoselli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eura. Medicophys."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rh.2012.03.001","article-title":"Estudio Prospectivo, Aleatorizado y Controlado Con Placebo, Para Valorar La Eficacia Del Tratamiento Con L\u00e1ser, Asociado o No a Ortesis de Mu\u00f1eca En El S\u00edndrome Del T\u00fanel Del Carpo Idiop\u00e1tico","volume":"46","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rehabilitaci\u00f3n"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.05.013","article-title":"Randomized Controlled Trial of Nocturnal Splinting for Active Workers with Symptoms of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome","volume":"86","author":"Werner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193418812616","article-title":"Minimal Clinically Important Difference for the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire: New Insights and Review of Literature","volume":"44","author":"Boogaarts","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Eur. Vol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0712(01)00012-9","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Nerve Compression","volume":"18","author":"Mackinnon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hand Clin."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10417","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89898-7","article-title":"Ultrasound-Guided Corticosteroid Injection for Patients with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-159-5-201309030-00004","article-title":"Methylprednisolone Injections for the Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"159","author":"Atroshi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-005-0062-2","article-title":"Injection with Methylprednisolone in Patients with the Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Randomised Double Blind Trial Testing Three Different Doses","volume":"253","author":"Dammers","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-005-0002-7","article-title":"A Novel Approach of Local Corticosteroid Injection for the Treatment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Habib","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S151290","article-title":"Different Doses of Steroid Injection in Elderly Patients with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Triple-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Trial","volume":"13","author":"Holisaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.59.11.918","article-title":"Corticosteroid Injection for the Treatment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome","volume":"59","author":"Merry","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.319.7214.884","article-title":"Injection with Methylprednisolone Proximal to the Carpal Tunnel: Randomised Double Blind Trial","volume":"319","author":"Dammers","year":"1999","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.10512","article-title":"Intracarpal Steroid Injection Is Safe and Effective for Short-Term Management of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Armstrong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00857526","article-title":"Local Steroid Treatment in Idiopathic Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Short- and Long-Term Efficacy","volume":"240","author":"Girlanda","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2012.01.023","article-title":"Effects of Steroid with Repetitive Procaine HCl Injection in the Management of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: An Ultrasonographic Study","volume":"316","author":"Tok","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peters-Veluthamaningal, C., Winters, J.C., Groenier, K.H., and Meyboom-de Jong, B. (2010). Randomised Controlled Trial of Local Corticosteroid Injections for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in General Practice. BMC Fam. Pract., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2296-11-54"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-150477","article-title":"Comparison of the Efficacy of Lidocaine and Betamethasone Dipropionate in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Injection","volume":"30","author":"Dernek","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karjalainen, T.V., Silagy, M., O\u2019Bryan, E., Johnston, R.V., Cyril, S., and Buchbinder, R. (2021). Autologous Blood and Platelet-rich Plasma Injection Therapy for Lateral Elbow Pain. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010951.pub2"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moraes, V.Y., Lenza, M., Tamaoki, M.J., Faloppa, F., and Belloti, J.C. (2014). Platelet-Rich Therapies for Musculoskeletal Soft Tissue Injuries. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD010071.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010071.pub3"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.19415","article-title":"Effect of Intra-Articular Platelet-Rich Plasma vs Placebo Injection on Pain and Medial Tibial Cartilage Volume in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis: The RESTORE Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"326","author":"Bennell","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/14712598.2017.1259409","article-title":"Platelet-Rich Plasma, a Source of Autologous Growth Factors and Biomimetic Scaffold for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration","volume":"17","author":"Anitua","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1080\/09537104.2017.1336211","article-title":"The Use of Platelet-Rich Plasma to Treat Chronic Tendinopathies: A Technical Analysis","volume":"29","author":"Kaux","year":"2018","journal-title":"Platelets"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1480","DOI":"10.1002\/term.2566","article-title":"Platelet-Rich Plasma Ultrasound-Guided Injection in the Treatment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Placebo-Controlled Clinical Study","volume":"12","author":"Malahias","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.025","article-title":"One-Year Efficacy of Platelet-Rich Plasma for Moderate-to-Severe Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial","volume":"102","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2020.03.010","article-title":"Comparative Efficacy of the Dorsal Application of Kinesio Tape and Splinting for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"34","author":"Krause","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hand Ther."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218810413500238","article-title":"Mid-Motion Deformation of Median Nerve during Finger Flexion: A New Insight into the Dynamic Aetiology of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Liong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hand Surg."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-169720","article-title":"In Vivo Effects of Limb Movement on Nerve Stretch, Strain, and Tension: A Systematic Review","volume":"30","author":"Szikszay","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2016.10.004","article-title":"Effectiveness of Nerve Gliding Exercises on Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Systematic Review","volume":"40","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Manipulative Physiol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2018.0603","article-title":"Entrapment Neuropathies: Challenging Common Beliefs with Novel Evidence","volume":"48","author":"Schmid","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2015.09.002","article-title":"Comparison of Hypoalgesic Effects of Neural Stretching vs Neural Gliding: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"38","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Manipulative Physiol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2009.2954","article-title":"Effects of Upper Extremity Neural Mobilization on Thermal Pain Sensitivity: A Sham-Controlled Study in Asymptomatic Participants","volume":"39","author":"Beneciuk","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2006.12.008","article-title":"Do \u201csliders\u201d Slide and \u201cTensioners\u201d Tension? An Analysis of Neurodynamic Techniques and Considerations Regarding Their Application","volume":"13","author":"Coppieters","year":"2008","journal-title":"Man. Ther."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(03)00176-1","article-title":"Quantitative in Vivo Studies of Median Nerve Sliding in Response to Wrist, Elbow, Shoulder and Neck Movements","volume":"18","author":"Dilley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2021.10533","article-title":"Short-Term Effects of Neurodynamic Techniques for Treating Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis","volume":"51","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.12.005","article-title":"Neurodynamic Techniques Versus \u201cSham\u201d Therapy in the Treatment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"99","author":"Wolny","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215518805213","article-title":"Is Manual Therapy Based on Neurodynamic Techniques Effective in the Treatment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome? A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"33","author":"Wolny","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2015.07.012","article-title":"Manual Physical Therapy Versus Surgery for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Randomized Parallel-Group Trial","volume":"16","author":"Pareja","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzaa150","article-title":"Manual Therapy Versus Surgery for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: 4-Year Follow-Up From a Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"100","author":"Cleland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2017.7090","article-title":"The Effectiveness of Manual Therapy Versus Surgery on Self-Reported Function, Cervical Range of Motion, and Pinch Grip Force in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"47","author":"Cleland","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphys.2020.03.007","article-title":"Group Education, Night Splinting and Home Exercises Reduce Conversion to Surgery for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Multicentre Randomised Trial","volume":"66","author":"Lewis","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Physiother."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Derry, S., Bell, R.F., Straube, S., Wiffen, P.J., Aldington, D., and Moore, R.A. (2019). Pregabalin for Neuropathic Pain in Adults. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007076.pub3"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"1275","article-title":"The Efficacy of 100 and 300 Mg Gabapentin in the Treatment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Eftekharsadat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.03261.x","article-title":"Gabapentin for the Treatment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"18","author":"Hui","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2004.08.016","article-title":"Can Therapeutic Ultrasound Influence the Regeneration of Peripheral Nerves?","volume":"142","author":"Raso","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"169","article-title":"The Biophysical Effects of Ultrasound on Median Nerve Distal Latencies","volume":"40","author":"Moore","year":"2000","journal-title":"Electromyogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(98)90416-6","article-title":"Ultrasound Therapy Effect in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome","volume":"79","author":"Oztas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"201","article-title":"Comparison of the Efficacy of Low-Level Laser Therapy and Pulsed Ultrasound Treatment in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Placebo-Controlled Study","volume":"59","year":"2013","journal-title":"Turkish J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"96","article-title":"Ultrasound Treatment in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Placebo Controlled Study","volume":"54","author":"Ekim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Turkiye Fiz. Tip Rehabil. Derg."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-420045-6.00003-1","article-title":"The Use of Shock Waves in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration: New Perspectives?","volume":"Volume 109","author":"Geuna","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tissue Engineering of the Peripheral Nerve"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20132619","article-title":"Radial Shock Wave Therapy in the Treatment of Chronic Constriction Injury Model in Rats: A Preliminary Study","volume":"127","author":"Fu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"288","article-title":"Evaluation of Cutaneous Analgesia after Non-Focused Extracorporeal Shock Wave Application over the 3rd Metacarpal Bone in Horses","volume":"68","author":"Bolt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38344","DOI":"10.1038\/srep38344","article-title":"The Dose-Dependent Efficiency of Radial Shock Wave Therapy for Patients with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Prospective, Randomized, Single-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"6","author":"Ke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.23113","article-title":"Effect of Radial Shock Wave Therapy for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Prospective Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"34","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.4103\/2277-9175.186983","article-title":"Effect of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy on the Treatment of Patients with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Vahdatpour","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Biomed. Res."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/4\/950\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:17:51Z","timestamp":1760134671000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/4\/950"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm11040950"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11040950","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]]}}}