{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T08:58:00Z","timestamp":1787907480793,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective. To assess the effects of brain neurostimulation (i.e., repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation [rTMS] and transcranial direct current stimulation [tDCS]) in people with oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD). Methods. Systematic literature searches were conducted in four electronic databases (CINAHL, Embase, PsycINFO, and PubMed) to retrieve randomised controlled trials (RCTs) only. Using the Revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomised trials (RoB 2), the methodological quality of included studies was evaluated, after which meta-analysis was conducted using a random-effects model. Results. In total, 24 studies reporting on brain neurostimulation were included: 11 studies on rTMS, 9 studies on tDCS, and 4 studies on combined neurostimulation interventions. Overall, within-group meta-analysis and between-group analysis for rTMS identified significant large and small effects in favour of stimulation, respectively. For tDCS, overall within-group analysis and between-group analysis identified significant large and moderate effects in favour of stimulation, respectively. Conclusion. Both rTMS and tDCS show promising effects in people with oropharyngeal dysphagia. However, comparisons between studies were challenging due to high heterogeneity in stimulation protocols and experimental parameters, potential moderators, and inconsistent methodological reporting. Generalisations of meta-analyses need to be interpreted with care. Future research should include large RCTs using standard protocols and reporting guidelines as achieved by international consensus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11040993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T20:26:42Z","timestamp":1644870402000},"page":"993","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Neurostimulation in People with Oropharyngeal Dysphagia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials\u2014Part II: Brain Neurostimulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2828-8897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ren\u00e9e","family":"Speyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Special Needs Education, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Curtin School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, 1233 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0759-123X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna-Liisa","family":"Sutt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4032, Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6749-9390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liza","family":"Bergstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remeo Stockholm, 128 64 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Speech Therapy Clinic, Danderyd University Hospital, 182 88 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9640-7427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaheen","family":"Hamdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, GI Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7846-7282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy","family":"Pomm\u00e9e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRIT, CNRS, Universit\u00e9 Paul Sabatier, 31400 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1311-4501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathieu","family":"Balaguer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRIT, CNRS, Universit\u00e9 Paul Sabatier, 31400 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2680-3384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anett","family":"Kaale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Special Needs Education, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Norwegian Centre of Expertise for Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Hypersomnias, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9906-5300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reinie","family":"Cordier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Curtin School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Social Work, Education and Community Wellbeing, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon the Tyne NE7 7XA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melgaard, D., Westergren, A., Skrubbeltrang, C., and Smithard, D. 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