{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T02:22:57Z","timestamp":1782872577128,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cerebrovascular disease is the leading cause of long-term disability in the world and the third-leading cause of death in the United States. The early diagnosis of transient ischemic attack (TIA) is of great importance for reducing the mortality and morbidity of cerebrovascular diseases. Patients with TIA have a high risk of early subsequent ischemic stroke and the development of permanent nervous system lesions. The diagnosis of TIA remains a clinical diagnosis that highly relies on the patient\u2019s medical history assessment. There is a growing list of biomarkers associated with different components of the ischemic cascade in the brain. In this review, we take a closer look at the biomarkers of TIA and their validity with a focus on the more clinically important ones using recent evidence of their reliability for practical usage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11041046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T20:25:45Z","timestamp":1645129545000},"page":"1046","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Biomarkers for Transient Ischemic Attack: A Brief Perspective of Current Reports and Future Horizons"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6656-0292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masoud","family":"Nouri-Vaskeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical and Communicable Diseases Research Centre, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr 7618815676, Iran"},{"name":"Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity, Universal Scientific Education and Research Network, Tehran 1419733151, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neda","family":"Khalili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran"},{"name":"Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran 1419733151, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Sadighi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA 17822, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0598-3088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yalda","family":"Yazdani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5165665931, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramin","family":"Zand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA 17822, USA"},{"name":"Neuroscience Institute, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16801, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"Neuronal and Glia-Related Biomarkers in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke","volume":"6","author":"Hjalmarsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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