{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T01:06:17Z","timestamp":1775091977120,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]],"date-time":"2022-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["222101\/Z\/20\/Z, 202747\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["222101\/Z\/20\/Z, 202747\/Z\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common focal nerve injury. People with CTS may show alterations in central processing of nociceptive information. It remains unclear whether the central sensitization inventory (CSI) is capable of detecting such altered central pain processing. Methods: Thirty healthy volunteers were matched with 30 people with unilateral CTS from the orthopaedic waitlist. Changes to central pain processing were established through psychophysical sensory testing (bilateral pressure pain thresholds (PPT), conditioned pain modulation, temporal summation) and pain distribution on body charts. Patients also completed pain severity and function questionnaires, psychological questionnaires and the CSI. Results: Compared to healthy volunteers, patients with CTS have lower PPTs over the carpal tunnel bilaterally (t = \u22124.06, p &lt; 0.0001 ipsilateral and t = \u22124.58, p &lt; 0.0001 contralateral) and reduced conditioned pain modulation efficacy (t = \u22127.31, p &lt;0.0001) but no differences in temporal summation (t = 0.52, p = 0.60). The CSI was not associated with psychophysical measures or pain distributions indicative of altered central pain processing. However, there was a correlation of the CSI with the Beck Depression Inventory (r = 0.426; p = 0.019). Conclusion: Patients with CTS show signs of altered central pain mechanisms. The CSI seems unsuitable to detect changes in central pain processing but is rather associated with psychological factors in people with focal nerve injuries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11041075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T08:22:19Z","timestamp":1645431739000},"page":"1075","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Signs Indicative of Central Sensitization Are Present but Not Associated with the Central Sensitization Inventory in Patients with Focal Nerve Injury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Luis","family":"Matesanz-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Internacional de Doctorado, Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Physiotherap, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28023 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4644-3758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferran","family":"Cuenca-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise Intervention for Health Research Group (EXINH-RG), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana Isabel","family":"Sim\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Elbow-Hand, Service de Traumatolog\u00eda, Hospital Severo Ochoa, 28911 Legan\u00e9s, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Cecilia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Elbow-Hand, Service de Traumatolog\u00eda, Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28048 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Hospital Vithas La Milagrosa, 28010 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6226-6934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Goicoechea-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Basic Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Grupo Multidisciplinar de Investigaci\u00f3n y Tratamiento del Dolor, Grupo de Excelencia Investigadora URJC-Banco de Santander, 28922 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1314-624X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josu\u00e9","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Carnero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo Multidisciplinar de Investigaci\u00f3n y Tratamiento del Dolor, Grupo de Excelencia Investigadora URJC-Banco de Santander, 28922 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7759-0211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annina B.","family":"Schmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2005.01487.x","article-title":"Lifetime risk of symptomatic carpal tunnel syndrome in Type 1 diabetes","volume":"22","author":"Singh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabet. 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