{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T23:33:25Z","timestamp":1785195205383,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,19]],"date-time":"2022-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Toxoplasma gondii (TG) is a parasitic protozoon that may cause miscarriages or birth defects if the infection occurs during pregnancy. The study\u2019s aim was to evaluate the risk factors associated with TG infection in pregnant women. Materials: Medical charts for all 273 pregnant women with suspected TG infection consecutively admitted to the Hospital of Warsaw between 2019 and 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. The presumptive TG diagnosis was verified by a serologic assessment of IgM and IgG titers, and IgG affinity tests. Results: The median age was 32 years (range: 19\u201342 years). The diagnosis of primary TG infection was confirmed in 74\/273 (27.1%) women. In 114\/273 (41.8%) there was evidence of past infection. In 71\/273 (26%) women, an infection was excluded. In 172\/273 (62%) women the recommended testing for other infectious diseases putting fetus development at risk was performed correctly. Logistic regression model analysis revealed that living in rural areas and eating raw meat were independent factors associated with increased risk of TG infection during pregnancy (OR 2.89, 95% CI: 1.42\u20135.9, p = 0.004; and OR 2.07, 95% CI: 1.03\u20134.18, p = 0.04, respectively). Conclusions: The independent risk factors for TG infection during pregnancy include living in rural areas and eating raw meat. The physician\u2019s educational role here is crucial for the efficient prevention of congenital toxoplasmosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11041105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T08:22:19Z","timestamp":1645431739000},"page":"1105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Analysis of Preventable Risk Factors for Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Pregnant Women: Case-Control Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6488-4576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Bie\u0144kowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, \u017bwirki i Wigury 61, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Children\u2019s Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Wolska 37, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Hospital of Infectious Diseases, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Aniszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Children\u2019s Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Wolska 37, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Hospital of Infectious Diseases, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Kowalczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases and Surveillance, National Institute of Public Health NIH\u2014National Research Institute, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jolanta","family":"Popielska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Children\u2019s Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Wolska 37, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Hospital of Infectious Diseases, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konrad","family":"Zawadka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Children\u2019s Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Wolska 37, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Hospital of Infectious Diseases, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1329-8112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"O\u0142dakowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Children\u2019s Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Wolska 37, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Hospital of Infectious Diseases, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7783-6904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Pokorska-\u015apiewak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Children\u2019s Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Wolska 37, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Hospital of Infectious Diseases, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548.2012.693197","article-title":"A review on human toxoplasmosis","volume":"44","author":"Saadatnia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand. 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Dis."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/4\/1105\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:23:02Z","timestamp":1760134982000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/4\/1105"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,19]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm11041105"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11041105","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,19]]}}}