{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:18:39Z","timestamp":1787314719627,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,26]],"date-time":"2022-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KK.01.1.1.01.0008."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KK.01.1.1.01.0008."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Testicular torsion potentially leads to acute scrotum and testicle loss, and requires prompt surgical intervention to restore testicular blood flow, despite the paradoxical negative effect of reperfusion. While no drug is yet approved for this condition, antioxidants are promising candidates. This study aimed to determine astaxanthin\u2019s (ASX), a potent antioxidant, effect on rat testicular torsion\u2212detorsion injury. Thirty-two prepubertal male Fischer rats were divided into four groups. Group 1 underwent sham surgery. In group 2, the right testis was twisted at 720\u00b0 for 90 min. After 90 min of reperfusion, the testis was removed. ASX was administered intraperitoneally at the time of detorsion (group 3) and 45 min after detorsion (group 4). Quantification of caspase-3 positive cells and oxidative stress markers detection were determined immunohistochemically, while the malondialdehyde (MDA) value, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were determined by colorimetric assays. The number of apoptotic caspase-3 positive cells and the MDA value were lower in group 4 compared to group 2. A significant increase in the SOD and GPx activity was observed in group 4 compared to groups 2 and 3. We conclude that ASX has a favorable effect on testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11051284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,27]],"date-time":"2022-02-27T20:47:17Z","timestamp":1645994837000},"page":"1284","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Astaxanthin Relieves Testicular Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury\u2014Immunohistochemical and Biochemical Analyses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4218-6184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marko","family":"Ba\u0161kovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, \u0160alata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Urology, Children\u2019s Hospital Zagreb, Ulica Vjekoslava Klai\u0107a 16, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6876-9698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dajana","family":"Krsnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, \u0160alata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, \u0160alata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2143-6968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Himelreich Peri\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, \u0160alata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, \u0160alata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Katu\u0161i\u0107 Bojanac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, \u0160alata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, \u0160alata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2584-6654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nino","family":"Sin\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, \u0160alata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, \u0160alata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4143-5620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zdenko","family":"Sonicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, \u0160alata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Statistics, Epidemiology and Medical Informatics, School of Public Health Andrija \u0160tampar, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Johna Davidsona Rockfellera 4, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1528-5462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davor","family":"Je\u017eek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, \u0160alata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, \u0160alata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Transfusion Medicine and Transplantation Biology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Ki\u0161pati\u0107eva 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1177\/145749690709600112","article-title":"A 19-year review of paediatric patients with acute scrotum","volume":"96","author":"Rajakorpi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scand. 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