{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T18:03:04Z","timestamp":1792000984782,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,27]],"date-time":"2022-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI18\/01287"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI18\/01287"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Salud y Familias","award":["PI-0123-2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI-0123-2018"]}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Salud y Familias","award":["PI-0012-2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI-0012-2019"]}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Salud y Familias","award":["PI-0029-2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI-0029-2017"]}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Salud y Familias","award":["PI-0036-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI-0036-2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) progression, there is chronic and low-grade inflammation that could be related to the evolution of the disease. We carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate whether peripheral levels of pro-inflammatory markers such as interleukin-1 beta (IL-1\u03b2) is significantly different among patients with or without T1DM, in gender, management of the T1DM, detection in several biological fluids, study design, age range, and glycated hemoglobin. We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus databases, and 26 relevant studies (2186 with T1DM, 2047 controls) were included. We evaluated the studies\u2019 quality using the Newcastle\u2013Ottawa scale. Meta-analyses were conducted, and heterogeneity and publication bias were examined. Compared with controls, IL-1\u03b2 determined by immunoassays (pooled standardized mean difference (SMD): 2.45, 95% CI = 1.73 to 3.17; p &lt; 0.001) was significantly elevated in T1DM. The compared IL-1\u03b2 levels in patients &lt;18 years (SMD = 2.81, 95% CI = 1.88\u20133.74) was significantly elevated. The hemoglobin-glycated (Hbg) levels in patients &lt;18 years were compared (Hbg &gt; 7: SMD = 5.43, 95% CI = 3.31\u20137.56; p = 0.001). Compared with the study design, IL-1\u03b2 evaluated by ELISA (pooled SMD = 3.29, 95% CI = 2.27 to 4.30, p &lt; 0.001) was significantly elevated in T1DM patients. IL-1\u03b2 remained significantly higher in patients with a worse management of T1DM and in the early stage of T1DM. IL-1\u03b2 levels determine the inflammatory environment during T1DM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11051303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,27]],"date-time":"2022-02-27T20:47:17Z","timestamp":1645994837000},"page":"1303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["IL-1\u03b2 Implications in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Progression: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"Cano-Cano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit, Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INiBICA), Puerta del Mar University Hospital, 11009 Cadiz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"G\u00f3mez-Jaramillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit, Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INiBICA), Puerta del Mar University Hospital, 11009 Cadiz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6942-7772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Ramos-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5136-1725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana I.","family":"Arroba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit, Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INiBICA), Puerta del Mar University Hospital, 11009 Cadiz, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital Puerta del Mar, 11009 Cadiz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Aguilar-Diosdado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit, Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INiBICA), Puerta del Mar University Hospital, 11009 Cadiz, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital Puerta del Mar, 11009 Cadiz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2009.21","article-title":"The role of inflammation in insulitis and \u0392-cell loss in type 1 diabetes","volume":"5","author":"Eizirik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. 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