{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T16:43:12Z","timestamp":1787503392593,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,27]],"date-time":"2022-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education","award":["MNiSW\/2020\/220\/DIR\/NN4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MNiSW\/2020\/220\/DIR\/NN4"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Systemic sclerosis is an autoimmune connective tissue disease characterized by vasculopathy and fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. The pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis is very complex. Mediators produced by immune cells are involved in the inflammatory processes occurring in the tissues. The currently available therapeutic options are often insufficient to halt disease progress. This article presents an overview of potential therapeutic targets and the pipeline of possible future therapeutic options. It is based on research of clinical trials involving novel, unestablished methods of treatment. Increasing knowledge of the processes and mediators involved in systemic scleroderma has led to the initiation of drug trials with therapeutic targets of CD28-CD80\/86, CD19, CCL24, CD20, CD30, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), transforming growth factor \u03b2 (TGF-\u03b2), B-cell activating factor (BAFF), lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPA1 receptor), soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), Janus kinases (JAK), interleukin 6 (IL-6), endothelin receptor, and autotaxin. Data from clinical trials on these drugs indicate a significant potential for several new therapeutic options for systemic sclerosis in the upcoming future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11051310","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,27]],"date-time":"2022-02-27T20:47:17Z","timestamp":1645994837000},"page":"1310","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Future Treatment Options in Systemic Sclerosis\u2014Potential Targets and Ongoing Clinical Trials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Bohdziewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Koszykowa 82A, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4342-4324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna Karina","family":"Pawlik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Koszykowa 82A, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1009-6395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Maciejewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Koszykowa 82A, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6162-9916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariusz","family":"Sikora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Sparta\u0144ska 1, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosanna","family":"Alda-Malicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Koszykowa 82A, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Czuwara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Koszykowa 82A, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8308-1023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidia","family":"Rudnicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Koszykowa 82A, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-209909","article-title":"Update of EULAR recommendations for the treatment of systemic sclerosis","volume":"76","author":"Fransen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. 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