{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T12:45:04Z","timestamp":1763988304590,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Special Research Fund of Ghent University","award":["BOF01962334"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BOF01962334"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exposure in vivo (EXP) is an effective treatment to reduce pain-related fear and disability in chronic pain populations. Yet, it remains unclear how reductions in fear and pain relate to each other. This single-case experimental design study attempted to identify patterns in the individual responses to EXP and to unravel temporal trajectories of fear and pain. Daily diaries were completed before, during and after EXP. Multilevel modelling analyses were performed to evaluate the overall effect. Temporal effects were scrutinized by individual regression analyses and determination of the time to reach a minimal clinically important difference. Furthermore, individual graphs were visually inspected for potential patterns. Twenty patients with chronic low back pain and complex regional pain syndrome type I were included. On a group level, both fear and pain were reduced following EXP. Individually, fear was significantly reduced in 65% of the patients, while pain in only 20%. A decrease in fear was seen mostly in the first weeks, while pain levels reduced later or remained unchanged. Daily measurements provided rich data on temporal trajectories of reductions in fear and pain. Overall, reductions in fear preceded pain relief and seemed to be essential to achieve pain reductions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11051360","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T08:17:03Z","timestamp":1646122623000},"page":"1360","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Individual Patterns and Temporal Trajectories of Changes in Fear and Pain during Exposure In Vivo: A Multiple Single-Case Experimental Design in Patients with Chronic Pain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0983-551X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jente","family":"Bontinck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Pain in Motion International Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education & Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marlies","family":"den Hollander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Adelante Centre of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology, 6430 AB Hoensbroek, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda L.","family":"Kaas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeroen R.","family":"De Jong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Intergrin Academy for Specialized Healthcare, 6167 AC Geleen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inge","family":"Timmers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pain in Motion International Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education & Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-018-0663-y","article-title":"Psychological Characteristics of Chronic Pain: A Review of Current Evidence and Assessment Tools to Enhance Treatment","volume":"22","author":"Miller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. 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