{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T01:05:57Z","timestamp":1785546357418,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]],"date-time":"2022-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Resistant hypertension is common and known to be a risk factor for cardiovascular events, including stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure, and cardiovascular mortality, as well as adverse renal events, including chronic kidney disease and end-stage kidney disease. This review will discuss the definition of resistant hypertension as well as the most recent evidence regarding its diagnosis, evaluation, and management. The issue of medication non-adherence and its association with apparent treatment-resistant hypertension will be addressed. Non-pharmacological interventions for the treatment of resistant hypertension will be reviewed. Particular emphasis will be placed on pharmacological interventions, highlighting the role of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and device therapy, including renal denervation, baroreceptor activation or modulation, and central arteriovenous fistula creation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11051455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]],"date-time":"2022-03-07T10:21:16Z","timestamp":1646648476000},"page":"1455","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Rethinking Resistant Hypertension"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Gabrielle","family":"Bourque","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 7W9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0010-3416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Swapnil","family":"Hiremath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 7W9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2011-300741","article-title":"Resistant hypertension","volume":"98","author":"Fagard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.068064","article-title":"Incidence and prognosis of resistant hypertension in hypertensive patients","volume":"125","author":"Daugherty","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2013.11.016","article-title":"Incident ESRD and treatment-resistant hypertension: The reasons for geographic and racial differences in stroke (REGARDS) study","volume":"63","author":"Tanner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. 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Kidney Health Dis."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/5\/1455\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:33:13Z","timestamp":1760135593000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/5\/1455"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm11051455"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11051455","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]]}}}