{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T04:29:19Z","timestamp":1769747359080,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The endocannabinoid system (ECS) influences many biological functions, and hence, its pharmacological modulation may be useful for several disorders, such as migraine. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that the ECS is involved in the modulation of trigeminal excitability. Additionally, clinical data have suggested that an endocannabinoid deficiency is associated with migraine. Given these data, phytocannabinoids, as well as synthetic cannabinoids, have been tried as migraine treatments. In this narrative review, the current clinical evidence of potential ECS involvement in migraine pathogenesis is summarized. Furthermore, studies exploring the clinical effects of phytocannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids on migraine patients are reviewed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11061479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T12:35:37Z","timestamp":1646742937000},"page":"1479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Clinical Evidence of Cannabinoids in Migraine: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8572-3421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flavia","family":"Lo Castro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Post-Graduate School in Pharmacology and Clinical Toxicology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41122 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8432-1888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Baraldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, PhD School in Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41122 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lanfranco","family":"Pellesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Danish Headache Center, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9589-2782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Guerzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Medical Toxicology, Headache and Drug Abuse Research Center, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2019.06.001","article-title":"Migraine: Epidemiology, burden, and comorbidity","volume":"37","author":"Burch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol. 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