{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T19:24:27Z","timestamp":1790623467121,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":192,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]],"date-time":"2022-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that is the world\u2019s leading cause of blindness in the aging population. Although the clinical stages and forms of AMD have been elucidated, more specific prognostic tools are required to determine when patients with early and intermediate AMD will progress into the advanced stages of AMD. Another challenge in the field has been the appropriate development of therapies for intermediate AMD and advanced atrophic AMD. After numerous negative clinical trials, an anti-C5 agent and anti-C3 agent have recently shown promising results in phase 3 clinical trials, in terms of slowing the growth of geographic atrophy, an advanced form of AMD. Interestingly, both drugs appear to be associated with an increased incidence of wet AMD, another advanced form of the disease, and will require frequent intravitreal injections. Certainly, there remains a need for other therapeutic agents with the potential to prevent progression to advanced stages of the disease. Investigation of the role and clinical utility of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) is a major advancement in biology that has only been minimally applied to AMD. In the following review, we discuss the clinical relevance of ncRNAs in AMD as both biomarkers and therapeutic targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11061484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]],"date-time":"2022-03-09T01:53:54Z","timestamp":1646790834000},"page":"1484","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["AMD Genomics: Non-Coding RNAs as Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Charles","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3802-3868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leah A.","family":"Owen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA"},{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah School of Medicine, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8274-8511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John H.","family":"Lillvis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"},{"name":"Veterans Administration Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 14212, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah X.","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"},{"name":"Neuroscience Graduate Program, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivana K.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retina Service, Massachusetts Eye & Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3731-142X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margaret M.","family":"DeAngelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA"},{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA"},{"name":"Veterans Administration Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 14212, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"},{"name":"Neuroscience Graduate Program, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"},{"name":"Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics Graduate Program, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e106","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70145-1","article-title":"Global prevalence of age-related macular degeneration and disease burden projection for 2020 and 2040: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. 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