{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T20:23:15Z","timestamp":1788466995347,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial disease where ocular surface inflammation and damage play key etiological roles. Purpose: To compare a combination of 3% trehalose (T) and 0.15% hyaluronic acid (HA) (Thealoz duo\u00ae, T\/HA) with a tear substitute containing 0.001% hydrocortisone (I) and 0.2% HA (Idroflog\u00ae, I\/HA), with respect to changes on signs and inflammatory markers in a mouse DED model. Methods: Thirty 12-week-old C57BL\/6 mice were exposed in a controlled-environment chamber as a desiccating stress model of DED for 35 days. At day 14 (T1), administration of 5 \u00b5L T or I in the right eye (RE) or NaCl 0.9% in the left eye (LE) started, twice a day. Animals were sacrificed after 7 (T2), 14 (T3), 21 (T4, endpoint) days from the beginning of treatment. Corneal fluorescein staining ratio (Image J), histological and histochemical assessment of ocular surface tissues (goblet cell GC density and characterization \u2014PAS, Alcian blue pH 2.5, pH 1.0, and MUC4 expression\u2014in the superior and inferior conjunctiva), and levels of inflammatory markers HLA-DR, IL-1\u03b2 and TNF-\u03b1 in cornea and conjunctiva were measured. Results: No animal fully recovered from DED signs at the endpoint. Difference between arms was observed at T3 and T4, with T treated eyes showing a higher corneal damage reduction, PAS-positive GC recovery, lower inflammatory marker expression as compared to the I treated ones. Conclusions: Data suggest that 21 days of treatment with T\/HA improved signs, GC recovery and inflammatory markers in a DED mouse model, to a greater extent as compared to I\/HA. Data suggest that 21 days of treatment with T\/HA improved signs, GC recovery and inflammatory markers in a DED mouse model, to a greater extent as compared to I\/HA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11061518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T11:46:47Z","timestamp":1646912807000},"page":"1518","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Comparison of Trehalose\/Hyaluronic Acid (HA) vs. 0.001% Hydrocortisone\/HA Eyedrops on Signs and Inflammatory Markers in a Desiccating Model of Dry Eye Disease (DED)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2079-5261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gloria","family":"Astolfi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Ocular Surface Analysis and Translational Research, Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum\u2014University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Lorenzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), Alma Mater Studiorum\u2014University of Bologna, Ozzano dell\u2019Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research in Health Sciences and Technologies, CIRI Health Sciences and Technologies, Ozzano dell\u2019Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4082-4675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Gobbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), Alma Mater Studiorum\u2014University of Bologna, Ozzano dell\u2019Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6405-3484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Sarli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), Alma Mater Studiorum\u2014University of Bologna, Ozzano dell\u2019Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2951-5337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piera","family":"Versura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Ocular Surface Analysis and Translational Research, Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum\u2014University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research in Health Sciences and Technologies, CIRI Health Sciences and Technologies, Ozzano dell\u2019Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.008","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II Definition and Classification Report","volume":"15","author":"Craig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul. 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