{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T15:40:08Z","timestamp":1785339608414,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,14]],"date-time":"2022-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RTI2018-101837-B-100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-101837-B-100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Delegaci\u00f3n del Gobierno, Plan Nacional sobre Drogas","award":["2017I067, 2019I47"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017I067, 2019I47"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI17\/01167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI17\/01167"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003176","name":"Ministerio de Educaci\u00f3n Cultura y Deporte","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FPU16\/02087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU16\/02087"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003176","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Impulsive choice, measured by delay discounting (DD) tasks, has been shown in patients with gambling disorders (GD). However, the impact of DD and treatment outcome has been scarcely explored in GD patients. The aims of this study were: (1) to examine the baseline association between DD and clinical variables in GD patients depending on their age and gambling preferences (strategic vs. non-strategic); and (2) to estimate the predictive role of DD on poorer outcomes of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) when considering also the effect of other clinical variables. 133 treatment-seeking male GD patients were evaluated at baseline with a DD task and measures of GD severity, personality traits and psychopathology. Treatment outcome was measured in terms of dropout from CBT and relapses. Results showed baseline associations between DD and GD severity (correlation coefficient R = 0.408 among strategic gamblers and R = 0.279 among mixed gamblers) and between DD and positive\/negative urgency (R = 0.330 for the youngest patients, R = 0.244 for middle age, and around R = 0.35 for gamblers who reported preferences for strategic games). Other personality traits such as high harm avoidance and low cooperativeness were also related to DD at baseline (R = 0.606 among strategic gamblers). Regarding treatment outcome, a steeper discount rate predicted a higher risk of relapses in strategic gamblers (odds ratio OR = 3.01) and middle-age ones (OR = 1.59), and a higher risk of dropout in younger gamblers (OR = 1.89), non-strategic gamblers (OR = 1.70) and mixed gamblers (R = 4.74). GD severity mediated the associations between age, DD, personality traits and poor CBT outcome. In conclusion, impulsive choice affects treatment response in individuals with GD and may interfere with it to a significant extent. Considering DD in GD, patients seeking treatment could help control its impact on treatment adherence and relapses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11061611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]],"date-time":"2022-03-15T02:56:20Z","timestamp":1647312980000},"page":"1611","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Delay Discounting in Gambling Disorder: Implications in Treatment Outcome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Teresa","family":"Mena-Moreno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge, L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Ciber Fisiopatolog\u00eda Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4200-8062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Testa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge, L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Ciber Fisiopatolog\u00eda Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gemma","family":"Mestre-Bach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, La Rioja, 26006 Logro\u00f1o, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2360-5830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romina","family":"Miranda-Olivos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge, L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Ciber Fisiopatolog\u00eda Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6308-3198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosario","family":"Granero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ciber Fisiopatolog\u00eda Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychobiology and Methodology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Aranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge, L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Ciber Fisiopatolog\u00eda Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Psychiatry and Mental Health Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Biom\u00e8dica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Mench\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge, L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Psychiatry and Mental Health Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Biom\u00e8dica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Ciber Salut Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Murcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge, L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Ciber Fisiopatolog\u00eda Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Psychiatry and Mental Health Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Biom\u00e8dica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, 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