{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T23:49:01Z","timestamp":1782258541975,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]],"date-time":"2022-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of orbital ultrasound in the etiologic diagnosis of central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO). For this purpose, patients with CRAO evaluated at our center between 2011 and 2021 were reviewed. Demographic variables, vascular risk factors and ultrasound findings were collected. An orbital duplex was performed in all cases and complemented with other diagnostic explorations. We attended 36 cases of CRAO. In all patients, orbital ultrasound confirmed the diagnosis of CRAO: in 75% emboli material (spot sign) was observed in CRA and in 25% flow alteration in CRA without visible embolus. The positive spot sign (PSS) group differed from patients with negative spot sign (NSS) in terms of etiology: 8 PSS cases (29.6%) had a major cardioembolic cause, 4 (14.8%) a large vessel atheromatous disease, 15 (55.6%) an undetermined cause. Some 21 (77.8%) PSS patients had some minor cardioembolic cause, mainly calcifications of the left valves. In the NSS group, 2 (22%) were diagnosed with giant cell arteritis (GCA). In CRAO, the ultrasound spot sign could be a guide for the detection of embolic sources. Its absence makes it necessary to consider more strongly the possibility of arteritis. Furthermore, our findings suggest a key role of calcium embolism in PSS patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11061615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]],"date-time":"2022-03-16T03:34:13Z","timestamp":1647401653000},"page":"1615","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Contribution of Orbital Ultrasound to the Diagnosis of Central Retinal Artery Occlusion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8089-550X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Rojas-Bartolom\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, c\/Hermanos Falco 37, 02006 Albacete, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3632-1696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d3scar","family":"Ayo-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, c\/Hermanos Falco 37, 02006 Albacete, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9867-9709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, c\/Hermanos Falco 37, 02006 Albacete, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6681-2683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, c\/Hermanos Falco 37, 02006 Albacete, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Palaz\u00f3n-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, c\/Hermanos Falco 37, 02006 Albacete, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3625-0987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom\u00e1s","family":"Segura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, c\/Hermanos Falco 37, 02006 Albacete, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Discapacidades Neurol\u00f3gicas (IDINE), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2013.25","article-title":"A review of central retinal artery occlusion: Clinical presentation and management","volume":"27","author":"Varma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.30.8.1506","article-title":"Mechanisms of retinal arterial occlusive disease in African American and Caucasian patients","volume":"30","author":"Ahuja","year":"1999","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1159\/000047689","article-title":"Retinal ischemia and embolism: Etiologies and outcomes based on a prospective study","volume":"12","author":"Babikian","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc. 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