{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T22:28:04Z","timestamp":1788560884773,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]],"date-time":"2022-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Obesity has been associated with increased incidence and severity of various cardiovascular risk factors and increased risk for stroke. However, the evidence of its effect on outcomes in stroke victims have been equivocal. We aimed to investigate the distribution of BMI in a nation-wide cohort of individuals, admitted for a stroke, and the relationship between BMI and in-hospital mortality. Methods: Data from the U.S. National Inpatient Sample (NIS) was collected, to identify hospitalizations for stroke, between October 2015 and December 2016. The patients were sub-divided into six groups based on their BMI: underweight, normal weight, overweight, obese I, obese II and extremely obese groups. Various sociodemographic and clinical parameters were gathered, and incidence of mortality and the length of hospital stay were analyzed. Multivariable analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of in-hospital mortality. Results: A weighted total of 84,185 hospitalizations for stroke were included in the analysis. The approximate mean patients aged was 65.5 \u00b1 31 years, the majority being female (55.3%) and white (63.1%). The overall in-hospital mortality during the study period was 3.6%. A reverse J-shaped relationship between the body mass index and in-hospital mortality was documented, while patients with elevated BMI showed significantly lower in-hospital mortality compared to the underweight and normal weight study participants, 2.8% vs. 7.4%, respectively, p &lt; 0.001. Age and several comorbidities, as well as the Deyo Comorbidity Index, were found to predict mortality in a multivariable analysis. Conclusion: A reverse J-shaped relationship between body mass index and in-hospital mortality was documented in patients admitted for a stroke in the U.S. during the study period. The above findings support the existence of an \u201cobesity paradox\u201d in patients hospitalized following a stroke, similar to that described in other cardiovascular conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11061678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,20]],"date-time":"2022-03-20T21:30:14Z","timestamp":1647811814000},"page":"1678","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["The Obesity Paradox in Real-World Nation-Wide Cohort of Patients Admitted for a Stroke in the U.S."],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0335-9225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guy","family":"Rozen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera 38100, Israel"},{"name":"The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 3109601, Israel"},{"name":"Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1922-9174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabby","family":"Elbaz-Greener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem 9574401, Israel"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91240, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilad","family":"Margolis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera 38100, Israel"},{"name":"The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 3109601, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Marai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Lydia and Carol Kittner, Lea and Benjamin Davidai Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Surgery, Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poriya 1528001, Israel"},{"name":"The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edwin K.","family":"Heist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy N.","family":"Ruskin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9582-770X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shemy","family":"Carasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Lydia and Carol Kittner, Lea and Benjamin Davidai Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Surgery, Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poriya 1528001, Israel"},{"name":"The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariel","family":"Roguin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera 38100, Israel"},{"name":"The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 3109601, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edo Y.","family":"Birati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Lydia and Carol Kittner, Lea and Benjamin Davidai Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Surgery, Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poriya 1528001, Israel"},{"name":"The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Offer","family":"Amir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem 9574401, Israel"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91240, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2021, November 15). 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Facts"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/6\/1678\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:38:29Z","timestamp":1760135909000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/6\/1678"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm11061678"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11061678","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]]}}}