{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:53:01Z","timestamp":1790790781557,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,26]],"date-time":"2022-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Objective: This review aims to identify the clinical and practical barriers to optimizing nutrition in newborn infants with congenital heart disease (CHD) and to describe updated evidence-based recommendations for clinical and nutritional management of these patients in a narrative review. (2) Research Methods and Procedures: We conducted a search of the relevant literature published from 2000 to December 2021. (3) Results: CHD patients undergo several nutritional challenges related to the underlying cardiac disease anomaly, the potential increased risk of NEC, and delayed enteral feeding, resulting in inadequate energy intake and sub-optimal growth, increased morbidity and mortality. (4) Conclusions: To optimize nutrition and growth in newborn infants with CHD, standardized protocols should be implemented. Regular nutritional and growth assessment with a multi-disciplinary team is essential. We propose a decisional algorithm that may represent a potentially useful tool to guide clinicians to optimize growth and nutrition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11071841","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,27]],"date-time":"2022-03-27T21:27:51Z","timestamp":1648416471000},"page":"1841","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Current Strategies to Optimize Nutrition and Growth in Newborns and Infants with Congenital Heart Disease: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8761-8732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guglielmo","family":"Salvatori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Medical and Surgical Department of Fetus-Newborn-Infant, \u201cBambino Ges\u00f9\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Human Milk Bank, Medical and Surgical Department of Fetus-Newborn-Infant, \u201cBambino Ges\u00f9\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9076-9838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico Umberto","family":"De Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Medical and Surgical Department of Fetus-Newborn-Infant, \u201cBambino Ges\u00f9\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"PhD Course in Microbiology, Immunology, Infectious Diseases, and Transplants (MIMIT), Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1731-3068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Claudia","family":"Massolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Medical and Surgical Department of Fetus-Newborn-Infant, \u201cBambino Ges\u00f9\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Human Milk Bank, Medical and Surgical Department of Fetus-Newborn-Infant, \u201cBambino Ges\u00f9\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3090-2887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irma","family":"Capolupo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Medical and Surgical Department of Fetus-Newborn-Infant, \u201cBambino Ges\u00f9\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Human Milk Bank, Medical and Surgical Department of Fetus-Newborn-Infant, \u201cBambino Ges\u00f9\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Giliberti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Medical and Surgical Department of Fetus-Newborn-Infant, \u201cBambino Ges\u00f9\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Human Milk Bank, Medical and Surgical Department of Fetus-Newborn-Infant, \u201cBambino Ges\u00f9\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melania","family":"Evangelisti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NESMOS Department, Chair of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Sant\u2019Andrea University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9042-8120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pasquale","family":"Parisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NESMOS Department, Chair of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Sant\u2019Andrea University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Toscano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatal Cardiology Unit, Medical and Surgical Department of Fetus-Newborn-Infant, \u201cBambino Ges\u00f9\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1260-6427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Dotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Medical and Surgical Department of Fetus-Newborn-Infant, \u201cBambino Ges\u00f9\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Human Milk Bank, Medical and Surgical Department of Fetus-Newborn-Infant, \u201cBambino Ges\u00f9\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9026-7758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Di Nardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NESMOS Department, Chair of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Sant\u2019Andrea University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951118000549","article-title":"The development of a consensus-based nutritional pathway for infants with CHD before surgery using a modified Delphi 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