{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T20:13:53Z","timestamp":1770063233707,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diverticular disease (DD) is a common gastrointestinal condition. Patients with DD experience a huge variety of chronic nonspecific symptoms, including abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits. They are also at risk of complications such as acute diverticulitis, abscess formation, hemorrhage, and perforation. Intestinal dysbiosis and chronic inflammation have recently been recognized as potential key factors contributing to disease progression. Probiotics, due to their ability to modify colonic microbiota balance and to their immunomodulatory effects, could present a promising treatment option for patients with DD. Lactobacillus paracasei CNCM I 1572 (LCDG) is a probiotic strain with the capacity to rebalance gut microbiota and to decrease intestinal inflammation. This review summarizes the available clinical data on the use of LCDG in subjects with colonic DD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11071916","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T21:28:39Z","timestamp":1648675719000},"page":"1916","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Lactobacillus paracasei CNCM I 1572: A Promising Candidate for Management of Colonic Diverticular Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Bretto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ferdinando","family":"D\u2019Amico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Fiore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sofar S.p.A., Via Firenze 40, 20060 Trezzano Rosa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Tursi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Territorial Gastroenterology Service, Azienda Sanitaria Locale Barletta-Andria Trani, 70031 Andria, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Catholic University, 20123 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvio","family":"Danese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"081","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716698","article-title":"Pathophysiology and Epidemiology of Diverticular Disease","volume":"34","author":"Talutis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Colon Rectal Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.12.033","article-title":"Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment of Diverticulitis","volume":"156","author":"Strate","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"829","article-title":"Diverticular disease practice points","volume":"46","author":"McSweeney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aust. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl16552","article-title":"Diverticular Disease: An Update on Pathogenesis and Management","volume":"12","author":"Rezapour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1008","article-title":"Clinical analysis of 554 patients with colorectal diverticulosis","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi Chin. J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ITC65","DOI":"10.7326\/AITC201805010","article-title":"Acute Colonic Diverticulitis","volume":"168","author":"Swanson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e178","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000980","article-title":"Prolonged Recurrent Abdominal Pain is Associated with Ongoing Underlying Mucosal Inflammation in Patients who had an Episode of Acute Complicated Diverticulitis","volume":"53","author":"Lahat","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.367","article-title":"Editorial: New Thoughts on the Association Between Diverticulosis and Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"109","author":"Spiller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000499","article-title":"Irritable bowel syndrome and colonic diverticular disease: Overlapping symptoms and overlapping therapeutic approaches","volume":"35","author":"Alamo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"83","article-title":"Diverticular Disease: A Review on Pathophysiology and Recent Evidence","volume":"89","author":"Piscopo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ulst. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0153-5","article-title":"Colonic diverticular disease","volume":"6","author":"Tursi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.14299.1","article-title":"Recent advances in understanding and managing diverticulitis","volume":"7","author":"Severi","year":"2018","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1318.2006.01173.x","article-title":"Long-term outcome in 445 patients after diagnosis of diverticular disease","volume":"9","author":"Moreno","year":"2007","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"127","article-title":"Gut microbiota, inflammation and symptomatic diverticular disease. New insights into an old and neglected disorder","volume":"19","author":"Quigley","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"318-e163","article-title":"Visceral hypersensitivity in symptomatic diverticular disease and the role of neuropeptides and low grade inflammation","volume":"24","author":"Humes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil. Off. J. Eur. Gastrointest. Motil. Soc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"086","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716699","article-title":"Evaluation and Medical Management of Uncomplicated Diverticulitis","volume":"34","author":"Langenfeld","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Colon Rectal Surg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.15403\/jgld-277","article-title":"Diverticular Disease: A Gut Microbiota Perspective","volume":"28","author":"Ticinesi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.2174\/1574887113666180402143140","article-title":"The Use of Probiotics in Different Phases of Diverticular Disease","volume":"13","author":"Ojetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Recent Clin. Trials"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piccioni, A., Franza, L., Brigida, M., Zanza, C., Torelli, E., Petrucci, M., Nicol\u00f2, R., Covino, M., Candelli, M., and Saviano, A. (2021). Gut Microbiota and Acute Diverticulitis: Role of Probiotics in Management of This Delicate Pathophysiological Balance. J. Pers. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11040298"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Shahrokhi, M., and Nagalli, S. (2022, January 07). Probiotics, StatPearls, Available online: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK553134\/."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.2174\/157489107780832596","article-title":"Probiotics as Drugs Against Human Gastrointestinal Infections","volume":"2","author":"Nadal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Recent Patents Anti-Infect. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butler, C.C., Owen-Jones, E., Lau, M., Gillespie, D., Lown, M., Calder, P.C., Stanton, H., Wootton, M., Herrera, V.C., and Bayer, A. (2022, January 07). Probiotics to Reduce Antibiotic Administration in Care Home Residents Aged 65 Years and Older: The PRINCESS RCT, Available online: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK570117\/.","DOI":"10.3310\/eme08070"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655705","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.655705","article-title":"Probiotic Effector Compounds: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives","volume":"12","author":"Daliri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"188494","article-title":"Effect of probiotics and gut microbiota on anti-cancer drugs: Mechanistic perspectives","volume":"1875","author":"Badgeley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S58","DOI":"10.1086\/523341","article-title":"Probiotics: Definition, Sources, Selection, and Uses","volume":"46","author":"Sanders","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2015.12.001","article-title":"Probiotics: Definition, scope and mechanisms of action","volume":"30","author":"Reid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.66","article-title":"Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic","volume":"11","author":"Hill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693066","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.693066","article-title":"Improving and Comparing Probiotic Plate Count Methods by Analytical Procedure Lifecycle Management","volume":"12","author":"Weitzel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2021.0017","article-title":"A critical evaluation of the factors affecting the survival and persistence of beneficial bacteria in healthy adults","volume":"12","author":"Morelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1080\/02652048.2021.1949062","article-title":"Microencapsulation: A pragmatic approach towards delivery of probiotics in gut","volume":"38","author":"Iqbal","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Microencapsul."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18653","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c09951","article-title":"Nanoencapsulation for Probiotic Delivery","volume":"15","author":"Centurion","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forssten, S., and Ouwehand, A.C. (2020). Dose-Response Recovery of Probiotic Strains in Simulated Gastro-Intestinal Passage. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8010112"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00685","article-title":"Probiotic-based strategies for therapeutic and prophylactic use against multiple gastrointestinal diseases","volume":"6","author":"Varankovich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"20","article-title":"Production of anti-microbial substances by probiotics","volume":"5","author":"Mishra","year":"1996","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1177","article-title":"A consumer\u2019s guide for probiotics: 10 golden rules for a correct use","volume":"49","author":"Toscano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis. Off. J. Ital. Soc. Gastroenterol. Ital. Assoc. Study Liver"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2009.0012","article-title":"Probiotic lactic acid bacteria in the gastro-intestinal tract: Health benefits, safety and mode of action","volume":"1","author":"Dicks","year":"2010","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2019.05.010","article-title":"Probiotic mechanisms of action","volume":"135","author":"Halloran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S49","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy063","article-title":"Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics","volume":"10","author":"Gil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaai7732","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aai7732","article-title":"Exploiting a host-commensal interaction to promote intestinal barrier function and enteric pathogen tolerance","volume":"1","author":"Pedicord","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201642282","article-title":"Strain competition restricts colonization of an enteric pathogen and prevents colitis","volume":"17","author":"Hecht","year":"2016","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831339","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1831339","article-title":"Molecular insights into probiotic mechanisms of action employed against intestinal pathogenic bacteria","volume":"12","author":"Deane","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.07.007","article-title":"The functionality of probiotics in aquaculture: An overview","volume":"117","author":"Alagawany","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01545-18","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01545-18","article-title":"The Probiotic Bacterium Phaeobacter inhibens Downregulates Virulence Factor Transcription in the Shellfish Pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus by N-Acyl Homoserine Lactone Production","volume":"85","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markowiak-Kope\u0107, P., and \u015ali\u017cewska, K. (2020). The Effect of Probiotics on the Production of Short-Chain Fatty Acids by Human Intestinal Microbiome. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12041107"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cortes-Perez, N.G., de Moreno de LeBlanc, A., Gomez-Gutierrez, J.G., LeBlanc, J.G., and Berm\u00fadez-Humar\u00e1n, L.G. (2021). Probiotics and Trained Immunity. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11101402"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2020.10.004","article-title":"An evaluation of the effects of probiotics on tumoral necrosis factor (TNF-\u03b1) signaling and gene expression","volume":"57","author":"Vincenzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110625","article-title":"Immune boosting functional foods and their mechanisms: A critical evaluation of probiotics and prebiotics","volume":"130","author":"Ashaolu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.197723","article-title":"Modulation of Fecal Clostridiales Bacteria and Butyrate by Probiotic Intervention with Lactobacillus paracasei DG Varies among Healthy Adults","volume":"144","author":"Ferrario","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616713","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.616713","article-title":"Modulatory Effects of Probiotics During Pathogenic Infections with Emphasis on Immune Regulation","volume":"12","author":"Raheem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.20204.1","article-title":"Recent advances in modulating the microbiome","volume":"9","author":"Quigley","year":"2020","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.2174\/1389201021666201029154239","article-title":"Recent Advances in Clinical Utility of Probiotics in Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders","volume":"22","author":"Biswasroy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MIB.0000437495.30052.be","article-title":"Effect of Probiotics on Inducing Remission and Maintaining Therapy in Ulcerative Colitis, Crohn\u02bcs Disease, and Pouchitis","volume":"20","author":"Shen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3161","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-1860-5","article-title":"Survival of L. casei DG\u00ae (Lactobacillus paracasei CNCMI1572) in the gastrointestinal tract of a healthy paediatric population","volume":"58","author":"Radicioni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01720","article-title":"Quantitative Recovery of Viable Lactobacillus paracasei CNCM I-1572 (L. casei DG\u00ae) After Gastrointestinal Passage in Healthy Adults","volume":"9","author":"Arioli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Anon (2022, January 08). Detection Probiotic\u2019s DNA of Lactobacillus paracasei in Healthy Human Faeces|Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International. Available online: https:\/\/www.journaljpri.com\/index.php\/JPRI\/article\/view\/17790."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00952","article-title":"The vaginal isolate Lactobacillus paracasei LPC-S01 (DSM 26760) is suitable for oral administration","volume":"6","author":"Balzaretti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02702-16","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02702-16","article-title":"A Novel Rhamnose-Rich Hetero-exopolysaccharide Isolated from Lactobacillus paracasei DG Activates THP-1 Human Monocytic Cells","volume":"83","author":"Balzaretti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640617736478","article-title":"Effect of Lactobacillus paracasei CNCM I-1572 on symptoms, gut microbiota, short chain fatty acids, and immune activation in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: A pilot randomized clinical trial","volume":"6","author":"Cremon","year":"2018","journal-title":"United Eur. Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Compare, D., Rocco, A., Coccoli, P., Angrisani, D., Sgamato, C., Iovine, B., Salvatore, U., and Nardone, G. (2017). Lactobacillus casei DG and its postbiotic reduce the inflammatory mucosal response: An ex-vivo organ culture model of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome. BMC Gastroenterol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-017-0605-x"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640616684398","article-title":"Bacterial stimuli activate nitric oxide colonic mucosal production in diverticular disease. Protective effects of L. casei DG\u00ae (Lactobacillus paracasei CNCM I-1572)","volume":"5","author":"Turco","year":"2017","journal-title":"United Eur. Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"2284","article-title":"Immunomodulatory and antioxidant potential of Lactobacillus exopolysaccharides","volume":"91","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-012-9110-2","article-title":"Immune Modulation Capability of Exopolysaccharides Synthesised by Lactic Acid Bacteria and Bifidobacteria","volume":"4","author":"Gueimonde","year":"2012","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2014.0117","article-title":"Lactobacillus-produced exopolysaccharides and their potential health benefits: A review","volume":"6","author":"Patten","year":"2015","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3433","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-020-03580-7","article-title":"The use of Lactobacillus casei DG\u00ae prevents symptomatic episodes and reduces the antibiotic use in patients affected by chronic bacterial prostatitis: Results from a phase IV study","volume":"39","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.2174\/15748847113089990048","article-title":"Effect of probiotic or prebiotic supplementation on antibiotic therapy in the small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: A comparative evaluation","volume":"8","author":"Rosania","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mcg.0000210092.77296.6d","article-title":"Mesalazine and\/or Lactobacillus casei in preventing recurrence of symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease of the colon: A prospective, randomized, open-label study","volume":"40","author":"Tursi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"916","article-title":"Mesalazine and\/or Lactobacillus casei in maintaining long-term remission of symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease of the colon","volume":"55","author":"Tursi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12463","article-title":"Randomised clinical trial: Mesalazine and\/or probiotics in maintaining remission of symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease-a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study","volume":"38","author":"Tursi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D777","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab1019","article-title":"GMrepo v2: A curated human gut microbiome database with special focus on disease markers and cross-dataset comparison","volume":"50","author":"Dai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D808","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab973","article-title":"mBodyMap: A curated database for microbes across human body and their associations with health and diseases","volume":"50","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gosalbes, M.J., Durb\u00e1n, A., Pignatelli, M., Abellan-Andres, J.J., Hern\u00e1ndez, N.J., P\u00e9rez-Cobas, A.E., Latorre, A., and Moya, A. (2011). Metatranscriptomic Approach to Analyze the Functional Human Gut Microbiota. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017447"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, D.-W., Park, J.G., Ilhan, Z.E., Wallstrom, G., LaBaer, J., Adams, J.B., and Krajmalnik-Brown, R. (2013). Reduced Incidence of Prevotella and Other Fermenters in Intestinal Microflora of Autistic Children. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068322"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2005.40312.x","article-title":"Analysis of the fecal microbiota of irritable bowel syndrome patients and healthy controls with real-time PCR","volume":"100","author":"Malinen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.07.043","article-title":"Global and Deep Molecular Analysis of Microbiota Signatures in Fecal Samples From Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"141","author":"Biagi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11234","article-title":"Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome","volume":"486","author":"Huttenhower","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"185","article-title":"Intestinal Short Chain Fatty Acids and their Link with Diet and Human Health","volume":"7","author":"Margolles","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e32835665fa","article-title":"Butyrate: Implications for intestinal function","volume":"15","author":"Leonel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.03.082","article-title":"Rectal Instillation of Butyrate Provides a Novel Clinically Relevant Model of Noninflammatory Colonic Hypersensitivity in Rats","volume":"128","author":"Bourdu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-301501","article-title":"An irritable bowel syndrome subtype defined by species-specific alterations in faecal microbiota","volume":"61","author":"Jeffery","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512002723","article-title":"Higher level of faecal SCFA in women correlates with metabolic syndrome risk factors","volume":"109","author":"Teixeira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12","DOI":"10.1038\/nutd.2011.8","article-title":"The metabolic activity of gut microbiota in obese children is increased compared with normal-weight children and exhibits more exhaustive substrate utilization","volume":"1","author":"Payne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05414","article-title":"An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest","volume":"444","author":"Turnbaugh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02340-06","article-title":"Reduced Dietary Intake of Carbohydrates by Obese Subjects Results in Decreased Concentrations of Butyrate and Butyrate-Producing Bacteria in Feces","volume":"73","author":"Duncan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2011.01803.x","article-title":"Distinct microbial populations exist in the mucosa-associated microbiota of sub-groups of irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Parkes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil. Off. J. Eur. Gastrointest. Motil. Soc."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3380","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.7.3380-3389.2005","article-title":"Spatial Organization and Composition of the Mucosal Flora in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"43","author":"Swidsinski","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12407","article-title":"Nitrergic neuro-muscular transmission is up-regulated in patients with diverticulosis","volume":"26","author":"Espin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil. Off. J. Eur. Gastrointest. Motil. Soc."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1318.2006.01160.x","article-title":"Longitudinal muscle shows abnormal relaxation responses to nitric oxide and contains altered levels of NOS1 and elastin in uncomplicated diverticular disease","volume":"9","author":"Golder","year":"2007","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04586.x","article-title":"Review article: The pathogenesis of diverticular disease-current perspectives on motility and neurotransmitters","volume":"33","author":"Jeyarajah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03401781","article-title":"Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and Inflammatory Diseases","volume":"6","author":"Zamora","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"767","article-title":"Long-term efficacy of rifaximin to manage the symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease of the colon","volume":"67","author":"Miraglia","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Investig. Med. Off. Publ. Am. Fed. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-002-0396-5","article-title":"Rifaximin improves symptoms of acquired uncomplicated diverticular disease of the colon","volume":"18","author":"Latella","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Colorectal Dis."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"423","article-title":"General practitioners\u2019 management of symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease of the colon by using rifaximin, a non-adsorbable antibiotic","volume":"25","author":"Sanna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"673","article-title":"Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Strategies for Symptomatic Uncomplicated Diverticular Disease of the Colon","volume":"61","author":"Scaioli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2014.903922","article-title":"New physiopathological and therapeutic approaches to diverticular disease: An update","volume":"15","author":"Tursi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.8.3.299","article-title":"New physiopathological and therapeutic approaches to diverticular disease of the colon","volume":"8","author":"Tursi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13322","article-title":"Review article: The pathophysiology and medical management of diverticulosis and diverticular disease of the colon","volume":"42","author":"Tursi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"Anon, and World Gastroenterology Organisation (WGO) (2022, January 28). World Gastroenterol Organ WGO. Available online: https:\/\/www.worldgastroenterology.org."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/7\/1916\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:46:22Z","timestamp":1760136382000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/7\/1916"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm11071916"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11071916","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]]}}}