{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T11:43:57Z","timestamp":1777635837588,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministry of Education, Universities and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PON03PE_00078_1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PON03PE_00078_1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministry of Education, Universities and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PON03PE_00078_2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PON03PE_00078_2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["na"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["na"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As of 27 March 2022, the \u03b2-coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected more than 487 million individuals worldwide, causing more than 6.14 million deaths. SARS-CoV-2 spreads through close contact, causing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); thus, emergency lockdowns have been implemented worldwide to avoid its spread. COVID-19 is not the first infectious disease that humankind has had to face during its history. Indeed, humans have recurrently been threatened by several emerging pathogens that killed a substantial fraction of the population. Historical sources document that as early as between the 10th and the 6th centuries BCE, the authorities prescribed physical\u2013social isolation, physical distancing, and quarantine of the infected subjects until the end of the disease, measures that strongly resemble containment measures taken nowadays. In this review, we show a historical and literary overview of different epidemic diseases and how the recommendations in the pre-vaccine era were, and still are, effective in containing the contagion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11071960","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T21:22:39Z","timestamp":1648848159000},"page":"1960","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Preventive Measures against Pandemics from the Beginning of Civilization to Nowadays\u2014How Everything Has Remained the Same over the Millennia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0776-3601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Vitiello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Flow Cytometry, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Ilari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC_FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University \u2018Magna Graecia\u2019 of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3150-6461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Sansone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MEBIC Consortium, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9183-6206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Belli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MEBIC Consortium, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7360-6650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Cristina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MEBIC Consortium, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Marcolongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00163 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1823-2195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Tomino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Direction, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Gatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Direction, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0392-7173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Mollace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC_FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University \u2018Magna Graecia\u2019 of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3833-6717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Bonassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00163 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele University, 00166 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1047-4467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Muscoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC_FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University \u2018Magna Graecia\u2019 of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrizia","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00163 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele University, 00166 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13196","article-title":"MERS, SARS and other coronaviruses as causes of pneumonia","volume":"23","author":"Yin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"102","article-title":"A Missed Case of Osteoid Osteoma of the Acetabulum Treated with a Novel Computed Tomography-Guided Technique\u2014A Case Report","volume":"10","author":"Gandhi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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