{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T15:30:25Z","timestamp":1781019025098,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,2]],"date-time":"2022-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["13\/01546, PI16\/01912, and PI18\/00411"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13\/01546, PI16\/01912, and PI18\/00411"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007509","name":"Sociedad Espa\u00f1ola de Neumolog\u00eda y Cirug\u00eda Tor\u00e1cica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Smoking Integrated Research Programme Call"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Smoking Integrated Research Programme Call"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007509","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Little is known about whether second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure affects tuberculosis (TB). Here, we investigate the association of cigarette smoke exposure with active TB and latent TB infection (LTBI) in children, analyzing Interferon-Gamma Release Assays\u2019 (IGRAs) performance and cytokine immune responses. A total of 616 children from contact-tracing studies were included and classified regarding their smoking habits [unexposed, SHS, or smokers]. Risk factors for positive IGRAs, LTBI, and active TB were defined. GM-CSF, IFN-\u03b3, IL-2, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, IL-22, IL-17, TNF-\u03b1, IL-1RA and IP-10 cytokines were detected in a subgroup of patients. Being SHS exposed was associated with a positive IGRA [aOR (95% CI): 8.7 (5.9\u201312.8)] and was a main factor related with LTBI [aOR (95% CI): 7.57 (4.79\u201311.94)] and active TB [aOR (95% CI): 3.40 (1.45\u20137.98)]. Moreover, IGRAs\u2019 sensitivity was reduced in active TB patients exposed to tobacco. IL-22, GM-CSF, IL-5, TNF-\u03b1, IP-10, and IL-13 were less secreted in LTBI children exposed to SHS. In conclusion, SHS is associated with LTBI and active TB in children. In addition, false-negative IGRAs obtained on active TB patients exposed to SHS, together with the decrease of specific cytokines released, suggest that tobacco may alter the immune response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11072000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,3]],"date-time":"2022-04-03T02:59:52Z","timestamp":1648954792000},"page":"2000","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Tobacco Smoking and Second-Hand Smoke Exposure Impact on Tuberculosis in Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Neus","family":"Altet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unitat de Tuberculosi Vall d\u2019Hebron-Drassanes, Hospital Universitari Vall d\u2019Hebron, 08001 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Serveis Cl\u00ednics, Unitat Cl\u00ednica de Tractament Directament Observat de la Tuberculosi, 08022 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8159-2455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Latorre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Germans Trias i Pujol, CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda \u00c1ngeles","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Fuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unitat de Tuberculosi Vall d\u2019Hebron-Drassanes, Hospital Universitari Vall d\u2019Hebron, 08001 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9613-7228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoni","family":"Soriano-Arandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unitat de Tuberculosi Vall d\u2019Hebron-Drassanes, Hospital Universitari Vall d\u2019Hebron, 08001 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2249-0579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Villar-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Germans Trias i Pujol, CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celia","family":"Mil\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unitat de Tuberculosi Vall d\u2019Hebron-Drassanes, Hospital Universitari Vall d\u2019Hebron, 08001 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Germans Trias i Pujol, CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Muriel-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Germans Trias i Pujol, CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2433-9864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Comella-del-Barrio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Germans Trias i Pujol, CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pere","family":"Godoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"IRB-Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan-Pau","family":"Millet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Serveis Cl\u00ednics, Unitat Cl\u00ednica de Tractament Directament Observat de la Tuberculosi, 08022 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Luiza","family":"de Souza-Galv\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unitat de Tuberculosi Vall d\u2019Hebron-Drassanes, Hospital Universitari Vall d\u2019Hebron, 08001 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos A.","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Tabaquismo de la Comunidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28015 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Dom\u00ednguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Germans Trias i Pujol, CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"on behalf of PII Smoking SEPAR Working Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization, and International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (2007). 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