{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T10:33:24Z","timestamp":1788863604676,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]],"date-time":"2022-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006701","name":"Umm al-Qura University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["This study was funded by Umm Al-Qura University in Saudi Arabia as part of a PhD scholarship awarded to AA."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["This study was funded by Umm Al-Qura University in Saudi Arabia as part of a PhD scholarship awarded to AA."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to examine for the presence of differences in neuromuscular and psychological function in individuals with recurrent neck pain (RNP) or chronic neck pain (CNP) following a whiplash trauma compared to healthy controls. A secondary aim was to examine whether neuromuscular characteristics together with psychological features in people with RNP were predictive of future painful episodes. Multiple features were assessed including neck disability, kinesiophobia, quality of life, cervical kinematics, proprioception, activity of superficial neck flexor muscles, maximum neck flexion and extension strength, and perceived exertion during submaximal contractions. Overall, those with RNP (n = 22) and CNP (n = 8) presented with higher neck disability, greater kinesiophobia, lower quality of life, slower and irregular neck movements, and less neck strength compared to controls (n = 15). Prediction analysis in the RNP group revealed that a higher number of previous pain episodes within the last 12 months along with lower neck flexion strength were predictors of higher neck disability at a 6-month follow-up. This preliminary study shows that participants with RNP presented with some degree of altered neuromuscular features and poorer psychological function with respect to healthy controls and these features were similar to those with CNP. Neck flexor weakness was predictive of future neck disability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11072042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]],"date-time":"2022-04-06T05:11:34Z","timestamp":1649221894000},"page":"2042","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Assessment of Neuromuscular and Psychological Function in People with Recurrent Neck Pain during a Period of Remission: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analyses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5667-8150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Alalawi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Therapy Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain (CPR Spine), School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8937-912X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valter","family":"Devecchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain (CPR Spine), School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1945-5518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessio","family":"Gallina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain (CPR Spine), School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8803-3007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Luque-Suarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Universidad de Malaga, 29016 Malaga, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de la Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga (IBIMA), 29010 Malaga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1689-6190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deborah","family":"Falla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain (CPR Spine), School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e3182869d50","article-title":"Coping and recovery in whiplash-associated disorders: Early use of passive coping strategies is associated with slower recovery of neck pain and pain-related disability","volume":"30","author":"Carroll","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. 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