{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T11:33:35Z","timestamp":1792409615432,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":165,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic inflammation has long been linked to obesity and related conditions such as type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. According to current research, the increased risk of cancer in people with certain metabolic diseases may be due to chronic inflammation. Adipocytokines, which are pro-inflammatory cytokines secreted in excess, are elevated in many chronic metabolic diseases. Cytokines and inflammatory mediators, which are not directly linked to DNA, are important in tumorigenesis. Cachexia, a type of metabolic syndrome linked to the disease, is associated with a dysregulation of metabolic pathways. Obesity and cachexia have distinct metabolic characteristics, such as insulin resistance, increased lipolysis, elevated free fatty acids (FFA), and ceramide levels, which are discussed in this section. The goal of this research project is to create a framework for bringing together our knowledge of inflammation-mediated insulin resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11082191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T21:44:06Z","timestamp":1649972646000},"page":"2191","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Chronic Inflammation in Obesity and Cancer Cachexia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2314-937X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Divella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ASD Nordic Walking Apulia Lifestyle, Corso Giuseppe Di Vittorio 14, 70024 Gravina in Puglia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gennaro","family":"Gadaleta Caldarola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Oncology Unit, \u201cMons. R. Dimiccoli\u201d Hospital, Viale Ippocrate 15, 70051 Barletta, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0940-7352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Mazzocca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2016.06.013","article-title":"Systemic inflammation, growth factors, and linear growth in the setting of infection and malnutrition","volume":"33","author":"DeBoer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zuo, L., Prather, E.R., Stetskiv, M., Garrison, D.E., Meade, J.R., Peace, T.I., and Zhou, T. (2019). Inflammaging and Oxidative Stress in Human Diseases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Novel Treatments. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20184472"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI92035","article-title":"Inflammatory mechanisms linking obesity and metabolic disease","volume":"127","author":"Saltiel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2014.04.006","article-title":"Inflammation as a link between obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes","volume":"105","author":"Esser","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-018-0481-6","article-title":"Insulin resistance in obesity: An overview of fundamental alterations","volume":"23","author":"Barazzoni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eat. Weight Disord."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-013-0375-y","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and inflammation","volume":"13","author":"Sobngwi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Diab. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Julibert, A., Bibiloni, M.D.M., Mateos, D., Angullo, E., and Tur, J.A. (2019). Dietary Fat Intake and Metabolic Syndrome in Older Adults. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081901"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2921","article-title":"Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease","volume":"11","author":"Ouchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.25855","article-title":"Adipocytes properties and crosstalk with immune system in obesity-related inflammation","volume":"233","author":"Maurizi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2013.04.012","article-title":"Nutritional strategies to modulate inflammation and oxidative stress pathways via activation of the master antioxidant switch Nrf2","volume":"95","author":"Cardozo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2019.00129","article-title":"Current and Future Nutritional Strategies to Modulate Inflammatory Dynamics in Metabolic Disorders","volume":"6","author":"Salic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2016.02.005","article-title":"Body composition in clinical practice","volume":"85","author":"Andreoli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1159\/000375143","article-title":"The global burden of obesity and the challenges of prevention","volume":"66","author":"Seidell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2008.102","article-title":"Global burden of obesity in 2005 and projections to 2030","volume":"32","author":"Kelly","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4350","article-title":"Insulin action and resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes","volume":"23","author":"Czech","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1038\/414799a","article-title":"Insulin signalling and the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism","volume":"414","author":"Saltiel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-201X.2004.01382.x","article-title":"Mechanisms regulating phosphoinositide 3-kinase signalling in insulin-sensitive tissues","volume":"183","author":"Shepherd","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.03.059","article-title":"Obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance","volume":"132","author":"Shoelson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.16884","article-title":"Obesity and cancer: The role of adipose tissue and adipo-cytokines-induced chronic inflammation","volume":"7","author":"Divella","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2017.10.004","article-title":"Macrophage polarization and meta-inflammation","volume":"191","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"cvaa217","article-title":"Metabolic Inflammation in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction","volume":"14","author":"Schiattarella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva Figueiredo, P., Carla Inada, A., Marcelino, G., Maiara Lopes Cardozo, C., de C\u00e1ssia Freitas, K., de C\u00e1ssia Avellaneda Guimar\u00e3es, R., Pereira de Castro, A., Arag\u00e3o do Nascimento, V., and Aiko Hiane, P. (2017). Fatty Acids Consumption: The Role Metabolic Aspects Involved in Obesity and Its Associated Disorders. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9101158"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4416","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7064416","article-title":"Effect of dietary Fatty acids on human lipoprotein metabolism: A comprehensive update","volume":"7","author":"Ooi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-019-09512-0","article-title":"Dietary lipids, gut microbiota and lipid metabolism","volume":"20","author":"Schoeler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2008.229","article-title":"Emerging role of adipose tissue hypoxia in obesity and insulin resistance","volume":"33","author":"Ye","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2012.00181","article-title":"Implication of inflammatory signaling pathways in obesity-induced insulin resistance","volume":"3","author":"Tanti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.06.022","article-title":"Innate sensors of pathogen and stress: Linking inflammation to obesity","volume":"132","author":"Jin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a009191","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a009191","article-title":"Insulin receptor signaling in normal and insulin-resistant states","volume":"6","author":"Boucher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00063.2017","article-title":"Mechanisms of Insulin Action and Insulin Resistance","volume":"98","author":"Petersen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rogero, M.M., and Calder, P.C. (2018). Obesity, Inflammation, Toll-Like Receptor 4 and Fatty Acids. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10040432"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hug, H., Mohajeri, M.H., and La Fata, G. (2018). Toll-Like Receptors: Regulators of the Immune Response in the Human Gut. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10020203"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.06.012","article-title":"HMGB1, an innate alarmin, plays a critical role in chronic inflammation of adipose tissue in obesity","volume":"454","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4337","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1300298","article-title":"Inflammasome-mediated secretion of IL-1\u03b2 in human monocytes through TLR2 activation; modulation by dietary fatty acids","volume":"191","author":"Snodgrass","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E825","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00296.2016","article-title":"Saturated fatty acids activate caspase-4\/5 in human monocytes, triggering IL-1\u03b2 and IL-18 release","volume":"311","author":"Pillon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-1413-8","article-title":"Recent advances in the mechanisms of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and its inhibitors","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelley, N., Jeltema, D., Duan, Y., and He, Y. (2019). The NLRP3 Inflammasome: An Overview of Mechanisms of Activation and Regulation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20133328"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2014.5994","article-title":"Redox regulation of NLRP3 inflammasomes: ROS as trigger or effector?","volume":"22","author":"Abais","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.10.011","article-title":"The inflammasome puts obesity in the danger zone","volume":"15","author":"Stienstra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.4067\/S0716-97602007000200001","article-title":"Toll-like receptors are key participants in innate immune responses","volume":"40","author":"Arancibia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14.12.1","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142735.im1412s109","article-title":"Toll-like receptors","volume":"109","author":"Takeda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2010.08.007","article-title":"Toll-like receptors: Linking inflammation to metabolism","volume":"22","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3878","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4878","article-title":"Hepatocyte Toll-like receptor 4 regulates obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance","volume":"5","author":"Jia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5271295","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5271295","article-title":"Pattern Recognition Receptor-Mediated Chronic Inflammation in the Development and Progression of Obesity-Related Metabolic Diseases","volume":"2019","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021909-135846","article-title":"Macrophages, inflammation, and insulin resistance","volume":"72","author":"Olefsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212563","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/212563","article-title":"TLR4 and Insulin Resistance","volume":"2010","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2015.06.020","article-title":"Metabolic endotoxemia with obesity: Is it real and is it relevant?","volume":"124","author":"Boutagy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-1491","article-title":"Metabolic endotoxemia initiates obesity and insulin resistance","volume":"56","author":"Cani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512001213","article-title":"Influence of a high-fat diet on gut microbiota, intestinal permeability and metabolic endotoxaemia","volume":"108","author":"Moreira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuke, N., Nagata, N., Suganuma, H., and Ota, T. (2019). Regulation of Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Endotoxemia with Dietary Factors. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102277"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1002\/emmm.201100159","article-title":"Intestinal mucosal adherence and translocation of commensal bacteria at the early onset of type 2 diabetes: Molecular mechanisms and probiotic treatment","volume":"3","author":"Amar","year":"2011","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2617","article-title":"Crosstalk between intestinal microbiota, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle as an early event in systemic low-grade inflammation and the development of obesity and diabetes","volume":"31","author":"Bleau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00041.2015","article-title":"Linking Gut Microbiota and Inflammation to Obesity and Insulin Resistance","volume":"31","author":"Saad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e328347924a","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota in inflammation and insulin resistance: Relevance to humans","volume":"14","author":"Butel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1080\/21623945.2020.1760674","article-title":"Role of TLR4 in the induction of inflammatory changes in adipocytes and macrophages","volume":"9","author":"McKernan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adipocyte"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2851","article-title":"Fetuin-A acts as an endogenous ligand of TLR4 to promote lipid-induced insulin resistance","volume":"18","author":"Pal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2869","article-title":"Fetuin-A: The missing link in lipid-induced inflammation","volume":"18","author":"Heinrichsdorff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2018.12.022","article-title":"NOD1 and NOD2 in inflammation, immunity and disease","volume":"670","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00328","article-title":"NOD1 and NOD2 Signaling in Infection and Inflammation","volume":"3","author":"Moreira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3757","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5093757","article-title":"Activation and regulation of the pattern recognition receptors in obesity-induced adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance","volume":"5","author":"Watanabe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2018-01061","article-title":"NOD1: An Interface Between Innate Immunity and Insulin Resistance","volume":"160","author":"Rivers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-0004","article-title":"NOD1 activators link innate immunity to insulin resistance","volume":"60","author":"Schertzer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chi, W., Dao, D., Lau, T.C., Henriksbo, B.D., Cavallari, J.F., Foley, K.P., and Schertzer, J.D. (2014). Bacterial peptidoglycan stimulates adipocyte lipolysis via NOD1. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097675"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2011.01041.x","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of inflammasome activation during microbial infections","volume":"243","author":"Broz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201602089","article-title":"The cell biology of inflammasomes: Mechanisms of inflammasome activation and regulation","volume":"213","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-020-0167-x","article-title":"Inflammasome activation and regulation: Toward a better understanding of complex mechanisms","volume":"6","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Discov."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2016.09.002","article-title":"Mechanism and Regulation of NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation","volume":"41","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-0692","article-title":"Interleukin-1beta-induced insulin resistance in adipocytes through down-regulation of insulin receptor substrate-1 expression","volume":"148","author":"Jager","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-013-3023-9","article-title":"Obesity phenotype is related to NLRP3 inflammasome activity and immunological profile of visceral adipose tissue","volume":"56","author":"Esser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2017.04.005","article-title":"Macrophage functions in lean and obese adipose tissue","volume":"72","author":"Thomas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fusco, R., Siracusa, R., Genovese, T., Cuzzocrea, S., and Di Paola, R. (2020). Focus on the Role of NLRP3 Inflammasome in Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21124223"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678627","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/678627","article-title":"The NLRP3 Inflammasome as a novel player of the intercellular crosstalk in metabolic disorders","volume":"2013","author":"Benetti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2015.01.008","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasome: From a danger signal sensor to a regulatory node of oxidative stress and inflammatory diseases","volume":"4","author":"Abderrazak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2228","article-title":"A role for the NLRP3 inflammasome in metabolic diseases did Warburg miss inflammation?","volume":"13","author":"Wen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2015.10.004","article-title":"Regulation of Nlrp3 inflammasome by dietary metabolites","volume":"27","author":"Camell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2725","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasome activation: The convergence of multiple signalling pathways on ROS production?","volume":"10","author":"Tschopp","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00352","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species at the crossroads of inflammasome and inflammation","volume":"5","author":"Harijith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20190472","article-title":"The NLRP3 inflammasome regulates adipose tissue metabolism","volume":"477","author":"Barra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2449","article-title":"Nutrient sensing and inflammation in metabolic diseases","volume":"8","author":"Hotamisligil","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2017.90","article-title":"Adapting to obesity with adipose tissue inflammation","volume":"13","author":"Reilly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.05.002","article-title":"Nutrient Sensing in CD11c Cells Alters the Gut Microbiota to Regulate Food Intake and Body Mass","volume":"30","author":"Chagwedera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0198-4","article-title":"The intestinal microbiota fuelling metabolic inflammation","volume":"20","author":"Tilg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-016-2878-8","article-title":"Protein kinases: Mechanisms and downstream targets in inflammation-mediated obesity and insulin resistance","volume":"426","author":"Nandipati","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"4","article-title":"Recent advances in the relationship between obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance","volume":"17","author":"Bastard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Cytokine Netw."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a001651","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a001651","article-title":"The nuclear factor NF-kappaB pathway in inflammation","volume":"1","author":"Lawrence","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1002\/wsbm.1331","article-title":"Signaling via the NF\u03baB system","volume":"8","author":"Mitchell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Syst. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2013.33181","article-title":"Biochemistry of adipose tissue: An endocrine organ","volume":"9","author":"Coelho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R77","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-16-0211","article-title":"Adipose tissue in control of metabolism","volume":"231","author":"Luo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01587","article-title":"Tissue Immune Cells Fuel Obesity-Associated Inflammation in Adipose Tissue and Beyond","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2621","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI31021","article-title":"Obesity-associated improvements in metabolic profile through expansion of adipose tissue","volume":"117","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2020.00022","article-title":"Adipose Tissue Distribution, Inflammation and Its Metabolic Consequences, Including Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"7","author":"Chait","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-301689","article-title":"Gut-derived lipopolysaccharide augments adipose macrophage accumulation but is not essential for impaired glucose or insulin tolerance in mice","volume":"61","author":"Caesar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-3933-4","article-title":"Adipose tissue plasticity: How fat depots respond differently to pathophysiological cues","volume":"9","author":"Pellegrinelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12997","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12997","article-title":"Adipokine dysregulation and adipose tissue inflammation in human obesity","volume":"48","author":"Unamuno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.4274\/balkanmedj.galenos.2018.2018.0789","article-title":"The Adipokine Profile and the Cardiometabolic Risk in Non-Obese Young Adults","volume":"36","author":"Otelea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Balkan Med. J."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.4331\/wjbc.v8.i2.120","article-title":"Role of pro- and anti-inflammatory phenomena in the physiopathology of type 2 diabetes and obesity","volume":"8","author":"Pirola","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2014.03.009","article-title":"Role of anti-inflammatory adipokines in obesity-related diseases","volume":"25","author":"Ohashi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20160005","article-title":"Adipose tissue inflammation: A cause or consequence of obesity-related insulin resistance?","volume":"130","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24009","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.15103","article-title":"Protein calorie malnutrition, nutritional intervention and personalized cancer care","volume":"8","author":"Gangadharan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"243","article-title":"Evaluation of nutritional status and dietary intake in patients with advanced cancer on palliative care","volume":"54","author":"Bovio","year":"2008","journal-title":"Minerva Gastroenterol. Dietol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2013.08.014","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms underlying chronic inflammation-associated cancers","volume":"345","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mco.0000165004.93707.88","article-title":"Systemic inflammation, cachexia and prognosis in patients with cancer","volume":"8","author":"Deans","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.2217\/fon.09.136","article-title":"Role of systemic inflammatory response in predicting survival in patients with primary operable cancer","volume":"6","author":"Roxburgh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Future Oncol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e32832a7902","article-title":"Systemic inflammation, nutritional status and survival in patients with cancer","volume":"12","author":"McMillan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2018.10.001","article-title":"Cancer Cachexia: More Than Skeletal Muscle Wasting","volume":"4","author":"Schmidt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.21037\/apm.2018.12.01","article-title":"Cancer cachexia is defined by an ongoing loss of skeletal muscle mass","volume":"8","author":"Baracos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601434","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/601434","article-title":"Cancer cachexia: Mechanisms and clinical implications","volume":"2011","author":"Donohoe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habberstad, R., Fr\u00f8seth, T.C.S., Aass, N., Abramova, T., Baas, T., M\u00f8rkeset, S.T., Caraceni, A., Laird, B., Boland, J.W., and Rossi, R. (2018). The Palliative Radiotherapy and Inflammation Study (PRAIS)\u2014protocol for a longitudinal observational multicenter study on patients with cancer induced bone pain. BMC Palliat. Care, 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-018-0362-9"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.00298","article-title":"Management of Cancer Cachexia: Attempting to Develop New Pharmacological Agents for New Effective Therapeutic Options","volume":"10","author":"Marceca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"1107","article-title":"Understanding tumor anabolism and patient catabolism in cancer-associated cachexia","volume":"7","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fonseca, G.W.P.D., Farkas, J., Dora, E., von Haehling, S., and Lainscak, M. (2020). Cancer Cachexia and Related Metabolic Dysfunction. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072321"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2019.09.006","article-title":"Turkey Medical Oncology Active Nutrition Platform. Nutritional Aspect of Cancer Care in Medical Oncology Patients","volume":"41","author":"Yalcin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"e00065","article-title":"The Role of Systemic Inflammation in Cancer-Associated Muscle Wasting and Rationale for Exercise as a Therapeutic Intervention","volume":"3","author":"Cole","year":"2018","journal-title":"JCSM Clin. Rep."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2011.09.012","article-title":"Pre-cachexia in patients with stages I-III non-small cell lung cancer: Systemic inflammation and functional impairment without activation of skeletal muscle ubiquitin proteasome system","volume":"76","author":"Langen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"9","article-title":"Inter-tissue communication in cancer cachexia","volume":"15","author":"Stemmler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3829","article-title":"Cancer cachexia: Understanding the molecular basis","volume":"14","author":"Busquets","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23802","article-title":"Lipolysis--not inflammation, cell death, or lipogenesis\u2013Is involved in adipose tissue loss in cancer cachexia","volume":"113","author":"Agustsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdu085","article-title":"Early recognition of malnutrition and cachexia in the cancer patient: A position paper of a European School of Oncology Task Force","volume":"25","author":"Aapro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2017.06.017","article-title":"ESPEN expert group recommendations for action against cancer-related malnutrition","volume":"36","author":"Arends","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-011-0022-x","article-title":"Nutritional screening and early treatment of malnutrition in cancer patients","volume":"2","author":"Santarpia","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.5217\/ir.2019.00076","article-title":"Nutritional issues in patients with cancer","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intest. Res."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.13818","article-title":"Nutritional Support in Cancer Patients: A Position Paper from the Italian Society of Medical Oncology (AIOM) and the Italian Society of Artificial Nutrition and Metabolism (SINPE)","volume":"7","author":"Caccialanza","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2016.24","article-title":"Diet, nutrition, and cancer: Past, present and future","volume":"13","author":"Mayne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-010-0426-1","article-title":"The \"parallel pathway\": A novel nutritional and metabolic approach to cancer patients","volume":"6","author":"Muscaritoli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2007.03.011","article-title":"Pathophysiology of cancer cachexia: Much more than host-tumour interaction?","volume":"26","author":"Skipworth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.21037\/apm.2018.07.06","article-title":"Anti-cytokines in the treatment of cancer cachexia","volume":"8","author":"Prado","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.03.012","article-title":"Mediators of cachexia in cancer patients","volume":"66","author":"Busquets","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poulia, K.A., Sarantis, P., Antoniadou, D., Koustas, E., Papadimitropoulou, A., Papavassiliou, A.G., and Karamouzis, M.V. (2020). Pancreatic Cancer and Cachexia-Metabolic Mechanisms and Novel Insights. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061543"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2014.90","article-title":"Cancer and systemic inflammation: Treat the tumour and treat the host","volume":"110","author":"Roxburgh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.118.216697","article-title":"The Relationship Between Tumor Glucose Metabolism and Host Systemic Inflammatory Responses in Patients with Cancer: A Systematic Review","volume":"60","author":"Dolan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17105","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.105","article-title":"Cancer-associated cachexia","volume":"4","author":"Baracos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii18","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdx815","article-title":"Insulin resistance and body composition in cancer patients","volume":"29","author":"Dev","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.04.003","article-title":"Cachexia and sarcopenia: Mechanisms and potential targets for intervention","volume":"22","author":"Busquets","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1097\/SPC.0b013e328319d7fa","article-title":"Catabolic mediators of cancer cachexia","volume":"2","author":"Tisdale","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Support. Palliat. Care"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.21037\/apm.2018.10.01","article-title":"Lipid metabolism in cancer cachexia","volume":"8","author":"Dalal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2014.03.002","article-title":"Lipolysis in lipid turnover, cancer cachexia, and obesity-induced insulin resistance","volume":"25","author":"Arner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.5493\/wjem.v3.i3.26","article-title":"Interplay of adipokines and myokines in cancer pathophysiology: Emerging therapeutic implications","volume":"3","author":"Dalamaga","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8260742","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8260742","article-title":"Myokines as Possible Therapeutic Targets in Cancer Cachexia","volume":"2018","author":"Manole","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_138","first-page":"23","article-title":"The Evolving Approach to Management of Cancer Cachexia","volume":"31","author":"Dev","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47258","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201847258","article-title":"Energy metabolism in cachexia","volume":"20","author":"Rohm","year":"2019","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11","DOI":"10.4081\/oncol.2012.e11","article-title":"A role of active brown adipose tissue in cancer cachexia?","volume":"6","author":"Beijer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oncol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_141","first-page":"157","article-title":"Anorexia-cachexia syndrome in pancreatic cancer: Recent development in research and management","volume":"7","author":"Uomo","year":"2006","journal-title":"JOP"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2020.154169","article-title":"Cancer causes metabolic perturbations associated with reduced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in peripheral tissues and impaired muscle microvascular perfusion","volume":"105","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-0425","article-title":"Fatty acids, obesity, and insulin resistance: Time for a reevaluation","volume":"60","author":"Karpe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2012.01151.x","article-title":"The inflammation highway: Metabolism accelerates inflammatory traffic in obesity","volume":"249","author":"Johnson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4062","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903002","article-title":"Metabolic shifts in immunity and inflammation","volume":"184","author":"Kominsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2856213","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2856213","article-title":"The Immune System in Tissue Environments Regaining Homeostasis after Injury: Is \"Inflammation\" Always Inflammation?","volume":"2016","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7204","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.23208","article-title":"Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.276733.115","article-title":"Mechanisms of metabolic dysfunction in cancer-associated cachexia","volume":"30","author":"Petruzzelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-013-0787-0","article-title":"Cancer cachexia--pathophysiology and management","volume":"48","author":"Suzuki","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e218","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(12)70582-X","article-title":"Cytokine patterns in patients with cancer: A systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Lippitz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.21037\/jgo.2018.07.11","article-title":"Prognostic value of multiple cytokine analysis in colorectal cancer: A systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Gunawardene","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2019.05.31","article-title":"Cytokines expression levels from tissue, plasma or serum as promising clinical biomarkers in adenocarcinoma of the prostate: A systematic review of recent findings","volume":"7","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3064643","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3064643","article-title":"Serum Cytokinome Profile Evaluation: A Tool to Define New Diagnostic and Prognostic Markers of Cancer Using Multiplexed Bead-Based Immunoassays","volume":"2016","author":"Capone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-019-0976-4","article-title":"Crosstalk between cancer cells and tumor associated macrophages is required for mesenchymal circulating tumor cell-mediated colorectal cancer metastasis","volume":"18","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2014.05.014","article-title":"Cytokines and chemokines: At the crossroads of cell signalling and inflammatory disease","volume":"1843","author":"Turner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9259646","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9259646","article-title":"Biologics for Targeting Inflammatory Cytokines, Clinical Uses, and Limitations","volume":"2016","author":"Rider","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.18.1.143","article-title":"Negative regulation of cytokine signaling pathways","volume":"18","author":"Yasukawa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1097\/CCO.0b013e32835b651e","article-title":"Targeting the hallmarks of cancer: Towards a rational approach to next-generation cancer therapy","volume":"25","author":"Hainaut","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_159","first-page":"271","article-title":"A common variation in the promoter region of interleukin-6 gene shows association with exercise performance","volume":"8","author":"Huuskonen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.15.1767","article-title":"Plasma concentration of interleukin-6 and the risk of future myocardial infarction among apparently healthy men","volume":"101","author":"Ridker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pan.2020.09.012","article-title":"Impact on prognosis of early weight loss during palliative chemotherapy in patients diagnosed with advanced pancreatic cancer","volume":"20","author":"Carnie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pancreatology"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2020.188359","article-title":"Advances in cancer cachexia: Intersection between affected organs, mediators, and pharmacological interventions","volume":"1873","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Advani, S.M., Advani, P.G., VonVille, H.M., and Jafri, S.H. (2018). Pharmacological management of cachexia in adult cancer patients: A systematic review of clinical trials. BMC Cancer, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-018-5080-4"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00033","article-title":"Fat Wasting Is Damaging: Role of Adipose Tissue in Cancer-Associated Cachexia","volume":"8","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370216683282","article-title":"The role of adipose tissue in cancer-associated cachexia","volume":"242","author":"Vaitkus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/8\/2191\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:54:02Z","timestamp":1760136842000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/8\/2191"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]},"references-count":165,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm11082191"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11082191","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]}}}