{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T19:08:13Z","timestamp":1792004893560,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ankle deformity is a disabling condition especially if concomitant with osteoarthritis (OA). Varus ankle OA is one of the most common ankle OA deformities. This deformity usually leads to unequal load distribution in the ankle joint and decreases joint contact surface area, leading to a progressive degenerative arthritic situation. Varus ankle OA might have multiple causative factors, which might present as a single isolated factor or encompassed together in a single patient. The etiologies can be classified as post-traumatic (e.g., after fractures and lateral ligament instability), degenerative, systemic, neuromuscular, congenital, and others. Treatment options are determined by the degree of the deformity and analyzing the pathology, which range from the conservative treatments up to surgical interventions. Surgical treatment of the varus ankle OA can be classified into two categories, joint-preserving surgery (JPS) and joint-sacrificing surgery (JSS) as total ankle arthroplasty and ankle arthrodesis. JPS is a valuable treatment option in varus ankle OA, which should not be neglected since it has showed a promising result, optimizing biomechanics and improving the survivorship of the ankle joint.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11082194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T21:44:06Z","timestamp":1649972646000},"page":"2194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Joint-Preserving Surgery in Varus Ankle Osteoarthritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Alajlan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Security Forces Hospital, P.O. Box 3643, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6580-2010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Santini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6637-6068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faisal","family":"Alsayel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, P.O. Box 15215, Dammam 31444, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1538-8760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kar H.","family":"Teoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow CM20 1QX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waheeb","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital, Al Kurnaysh Rd, Al Andalus, Jeddah 23311, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6001-1436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luise","family":"Puls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Ortho Center, Swiss Medical Network, Schmerzklinik Basel, Hirschgasslein 15, 4010 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7959-1506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Camathias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6188-5269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Herrera-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Head Foot and Ankle Unit, Orthopaedic Department, University of La Laguna, 38200 San Crist\u00f3bal de La Laguna, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Tejero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foot and Ankle Unit, Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology Service, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Roc\u00edo, Av. Manuel Siurot, s\/n, 41013 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexej","family":"Barg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, 590 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Wiewiorski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WinOrtho, Privatklinik Lindberg, Schickstrasse 11, 8400 Winterthur, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Valderrabano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Ortho Center, Swiss Medical Network, Schmerzklinik Basel, Hirschgasslein 15, 4010 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2015.09.002","article-title":"Extraarticular Supramalleolar Osteotomy for Managing Varus Ankle Osteoarthritis, Alternatives for Osteotomy: How and Why?","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.M.01360","article-title":"A Cohort Study of Patients Undergoing Distal Tibial Osteotomy without Fibular Osteotomy for Medial Ankle Arthritis with Mortise Widening","volume":"97","author":"Ahn","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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