{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T22:31:56Z","timestamp":1769639516102,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: To date, there have been no reports assessing the incidence, risk factors, and clinical outcomes of GB disease in patients receiving ECMO for cardiorespiratory failure. Methods: The medical records of adults (aged &gt; 18 years) who underwent ECMO between May 2010 and October 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. We investigated the prevalence and related factors of GB disease during ECMO therapy, compared clinical outcomes between patients with and without GB disease, and performed propensity-matched analysis. Results: In total, 446 patients were included, and symptomatic GB disease was found in 62 patients (13.9%, 76.2\/1000 ECMO days). Complicated GB disease occurred in 42 patients (9.4%, 89.4\/1000 ECMO days) and presented as acute cholecystitis, acute cholangitis, and biliary pancreatitis in 33 (7.4%), 7 (1.6%), and 5 (1.1%) patients, respectively. In multivariate Cox regression analysis, longer ECMO support (&gt;2 weeks) (hazard ratio (HR), 2.95; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.69\u20135.15) and elevated plasma hemoglobin (Hb, &gt;50 mg\/dL) (HR. 2.12; 95% CI, 1.18\u20133.78) were significantly associated with the development of GB disease. In the propensity-matched cohort, the intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital survival rates were significantly lower for patients with GB disease than for those without GB disease (ICU survival rate, 64.5% vs. 84.7%; hospital survival rate, 59.7% vs. 81.5%). Conclusion: The incidence of GB disease was higher in patients who received ECMO than in the general ICU patients. Furthermore, elevated plasma Hb and prolonged ECMO therapy were significant factors for the development of GB disease during ECMO therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11082199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T21:44:06Z","timestamp":1649972646000},"page":"2199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Overlooked but Serious Gallbladder Disease during Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Retrospective Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7809-8739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hee","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea"},{"name":"Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hye-Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea"},{"name":"Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Woo","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea"},{"name":"Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5482-3956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihyang","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program of Genomic Science, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bong","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8403-5790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hye","family":"Yeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea"},{"name":"Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-011-2439-2","article-title":"Contemporary extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for adult respiratory failure: Life support in the new era","volume":"38","author":"MacLaren","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"E166","article-title":"Extra corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) review of a lifesaving technology","volume":"7","author":"Makdisi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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