{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T16:34:03Z","timestamp":1774974843124,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, many patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation were admitted to intensive care units (ICU) for COVID-19-related severe respiratory failure. As a matter of fact, ICU admission and invasive ventilation increased the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), which is associated with high mortality rate and a considerable burden on length of ICU stay and healthcare costs. The objective of this review was to evaluate data about VAP in COVID-19 patients admitted to ICU that developed VAP, including their etiology (limiting to bacteria), clinical characteristics, and outcomes. The analysis was limited to the most recent waves of the epidemic. The main conclusions of this review are the following: (i) P. aeruginosa, Enterobacterales, and S. aureus are more frequently involved as etiology of VAP; (ii) obesity is an important risk factor for the development of VAP; and (iii) data are still scarce and increasing efforts should be put in place to optimize the clinical management and preventative strategies for this complex and life-threatening disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11092279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T22:07:26Z","timestamp":1650406046000},"page":"2279","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Bacterial Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in COVID-19 Patients: Data from the Second and Third Waves of the Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3846-4620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Russo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, \u201cMagna Graecia\u201d University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Olivadese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, \u201cMagna Graecia\u201d University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9064-7745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Trecarichi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, \u201cMagna Graecia\u201d University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7631-5453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Torti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, \u201cMagna Graecia\u201d University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, R., Elhusseiny, K.M., Yeh, Y.C., and Sun, W.Z. 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