{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T11:32:31Z","timestamp":1789471951317,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]],"date-time":"2022-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650412800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021R1G1A1007886"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1G1A1007886"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021R1G1A1010833"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1G1A1010833"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent studies on the urine microbiome have highlighted the importance of the gut\u2013vagina\u2013bladder axis in recurrent urinary tract infection (rUTI). In particular, the role of Gardnerella as a covert pathogen that activates E. coli in animal experiments has been reported. Herein, we conducted a human bladder microbiome study to investigate the effect of Gardnerella on rUTI. Urine 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing via transurethral catheterization was conducted in the normal control group (NC) (n = 18) and rUTI group (n = 78). The positive detection rate of Gardnerella species did not differ between the NC and rUTI groups (22.2% vs. 18.0%, p = 0.677). In addition, the Gardnerella-positive NC and Gardnerella-positive rUTI groups showed similar levels of microbiome diversity. The Gardnerella-positive group was categorized into three subgroups: the Escherichia-dominant group, Gardnerella-dominant group, and Lactobacillus-dominant group. All of the Escherichia-dominant groups were associated with rUTI. The Gardnerella-dominant or Lactobacillus-dominant groups expressed rUTI with symptoms when risk factors such as the degree of Gardnerella proliferation or causative agents of bacterial vaginosis were present. The presence of Gardnerella in the urine is considered to be related to rUTI depending on other risk factors. New guideline recommendations regarding antibiotic selection based on a novel method to detect the cause of rUTI may be required to reduce antibiotic resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11092295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]],"date-time":"2022-04-21T03:46:11Z","timestamp":1650512771000},"page":"2295","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Gardnerella vaginalis in Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection Is Associated with Dysbiosis of the Bladder Microbiome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7802-0381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeong-Ju","family":"Yoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 14584, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ju Sun","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GC Genome, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Green Cross Laboratories, Seoul 16924, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woong Bin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 14584, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5897-8309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jina","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 14584, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5602-5723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hee Bong","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 14584, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mi-Ae","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 14584, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang Beom","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 14584, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung Shin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 14584, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun Chul","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 14584, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung Cheol","family":"Kuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 14584, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eung Jin","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 14584, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ho-Yeon","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2686-1904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byung Chul","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 14584, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3517-8207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eek-Sung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 14584, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seongho","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4490-3610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae Heon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul 04401, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung Soo","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 14584, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3959-0928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young Ho","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 14584, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the SMS (Soonchunhyang Microbiome Multi-Disciplinary Study Group)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)62762-9","article-title":"The urethra and its relationship to urinary tract infection. 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