{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T11:07:18Z","timestamp":1787137638396,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]],"date-time":"2022-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We performed an updated meta-analysis to robustly quantify admission trends of patients with ST-segment elevation MI (STEMI) and non-ST-segment elevation MI (NSTEMI) during the first wave of the pandemic and to characterize on a large basis the risk profile and early prognosis. Studies having the same observation period for the comparison between SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in 2020 versus control period in 2019 were included. Primary endpoints were the relative variation of hospital admissions, the difference of in-hospital mortality for STEMI and NSTEMI. Secondary were: mortality according to countries, income levels and data quality; cardiogenic shock, mechanical complications, door-to-balloon time, time from symptom onset to first medical contact, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and troponin. In total, 61 observational studies with 125,346 patients were included. Compared with 2019, during the pandemic for STEMI were observed: a 24% reduction of hospitalizations with an impact on early survival (OR = 1.33 in-hospital mortality); the time from symptom onset to first medical contact was 91.31 min longer, whereas door-to-balloon time was increased (+5.44 min); after STEMI, the rate of cardiogenic shock was 33% higher; LVEF at discharge was decreased (\u22123.46); elevated high-sensitivity troponin levels (1.52) on admission. For NSTEMI, in the COVID-19 period, we observed a 31% reduction of hospitalizations and higher in-hospital deaths (OR = 1.34). The highest mortality rates among countries were: Italy OR = 3.71 (high income), Serbia OR = 2.15 (upper middle) and Pakistan OR = 1.69 (lower middle). Later hospital presentation was associated with larger infarctions, as well as with increased cardiogenic shock and in-hospital mortality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11092323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]],"date-time":"2022-04-22T05:07:22Z","timestamp":1650604042000},"page":"2323","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak on Emergency Department Presentation and Prognosis of Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Systematic Review and Updated Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Emma","family":"Altobelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life, Public Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo Matteo","family":"Angeletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life, Public Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"},{"name":"Cardiac Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Giuseppe Mazzini Hospital, 64100 Teramo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Marzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life, Public Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"D\u2019Ascenzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular and Thoracic Department, Division of Cardiology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reimondo","family":"Petrocelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Timoteo Hospital, ASREM Molise, 86039 Termoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5404-3968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Patti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, Maggiore della Carit\u00e0 Hospital, University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","article-title":"A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin","volume":"579","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2020, March 11). Virtual Press Conference on COVID-19-11 March 2020. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/coronaviruse\/transcripts\/who-audioemergen-cies-coronavirus-press-conference-full-and-final11mar2020.pdf?sfvrsn=cb432bb3_2."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4344","article-title":"Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Italy","volume":"323","author":"Livingston","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2009166","article-title":"Reduced rate of hospital admissions for ACS during COVID-19 outbreak in Northern Italy","volume":"383","author":"Angelini","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa314","article-title":"Decline of acute coronary syndrome admissions in Austria since the outbreak of COVID-19: The pandemic response causes cardiac collateral damage","volume":"41","author":"Metzler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Hearth J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.04.011","article-title":"Reduction in ST-Segment Elevation Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory Activations in the United States During COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"75","author":"Garcia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa409","article-title":"Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Cardiologia and the CCU Academy investigators group. Reduction of hospitali-zations for myocardial infarction in Italy in the COVID-19 era","volume":"41","author":"Spaccarotella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2020.08.072","article-title":"Catheterization laboratory activity before and during COVID-19 spread: A comparative analysis in Piedmont, Italy, by the Italian Society of Interventional Cardiology (GISE)","volume":"323","author":"Quadri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2021.04.003","article-title":"The Global Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on STEMI Care: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Chew","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.2459\/JCM.0000000000001189","article-title":"Reduction of admissions for urgent and elective pacemaker implant during the COVID-19 outbreak in Northern Italy","volume":"23","author":"Colombo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4182","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13043","article-title":"Reduction in heart failure hospitalization rate during coronavirus disease 19 pandemic outbreak","volume":"7","author":"Severino","year":"2020","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.03.046","article-title":"Return towards normality in admissions for myocardial infarction after the lockdown removal for COVID-19 outbreak in Italy","volume":"332","author":"Rognoni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-020-01780-0","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cardiovascular mortality and catherization activity during the lockdown in central Germany: An observational study","volume":"110","author":"Nef","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100030","article-title":"Myocardial Infarction incidence during national lockdown in two French provinces unevenly affected by COVID-19 outbreak: An observational study","volume":"2","author":"Manigold","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health Eur."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.03.063","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 pandemic and infection on in-hospital survival for patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes: A multicenter registry","volume":"332","author":"Borin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Wells, G.A., Shea, B., O\u2019Connell, D., Peterson, J., Welch, V., Losos, M., and Tugwell, P. (2022, January 06). The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for Assessing the Quality of Nonrandomised Studies in Meta-Analyses. Ottawa Hospital Research Institute. Available online: https:\/\/www.ohri.ca."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2022, January 06). Cancer Incidence and Mortality Data: Sources and Methods by Country. Available online: https:\/\/gco.iarc.fr\/today\/data\/methods\/GLOBOCAN2020_Annex_A.XLSX."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2022, January 06). World Bank Country and Lending Groups. Available online: https:\/\/datahelpdesk.worldbank.org\/knowledgebase\/articles\/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00863","article-title":"Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: A practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs","volume":"4","author":"Lakens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hozo, S.P., Djulbegovic, B., and Hozo, I. (2005). Estimating the mean and variance from the median, range, and the size of a sample. BMC Med. Res. Methodol., 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-5-13"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-021-02718-8","article-title":"Intensive cardiac care unit admission trends during the COVID-19 outbreak in Italy: A multi-center study","volume":"16","author":"Campanile","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"597","article-title":"Acute Myocardial Infarction Admissions in Berlin During the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"117","author":"Dreger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arztebl. Int."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fardman, A., Zahger, D., Orvin, K., Oren, D., Kofman, N., Mohsen, J., Tsafrir, O., Asher, E., Rubinshtein, R., and Jamal, J. (2021). Acute myocardial infarction in the COVID-19 era: Incidence, clinical characteristics and in-hospital outcomes-A multicenter registry. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253524"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e536","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30188-2","article-title":"Hospital admissions for acute myocardial infarction before and after lockdown according to regional prevalence of COVID-19 and patient profile in France: A registry study","volume":"5","author":"Mesnier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.23424","article-title":"\u201cMissing\u201d acute coronary syndrome hospitalizations during the COVID-19 era in Greece: Medical care avoidance combined with a true reduction in incidence?","volume":"43","author":"Papafaklis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047457","article-title":"Population Trends in Rates of Percutaneous Coronary Revascularization for Acute Coronary Syn-dromes Associated with the COVID-19 Outbreak","volume":"141","author":"Piccolo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.recesp.2020.06.001","article-title":"Decrease in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction admissions in Catalonia during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"73","author":"Romaguera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-021-00764-2","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 pandemic lockdown on myocardial infarction care","volume":"36","author":"Schmitz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayad, S., Shenouda, R., and Henein, M. (2021). The Impact of COVID-19 on In-Hospital Outcomes of ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10020278"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"640","article-title":"Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on access to primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction","volume":"48","author":"Pay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Turk. Kardiyol. Dern. Ars."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2020.100546","article-title":"COVID-19 and STEMI: A snapshot analysis of presentation patterns during a pandemic","volume":"30","author":"Coughlan","year":"2020","journal-title":"IJC Hearth Vasc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2020.100656","article-title":"STEMI and COVID-19 Pandemic in Saudi Arabia","volume":"46","author":"Daoulah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.09.546","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Mechanical Reperfusion for Patients With STEMI","volume":"76","author":"Verdoia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.2459\/JCM.0000000000001053","article-title":"Impact on hospital admission of ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients during coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in an Italian Hospital","volume":"21","author":"Pilato","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"334","article-title":"Treatment delays and in-hospital outcomes in acute myocardial infarction during the COVID-19 pandemic: A nationwide study","volume":"24","author":"Erol","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anatol J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.2459\/JCM.0000000000001101","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on coronary invasive procedures at two Italian high-volume referral centers","volume":"21","author":"Fileti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repc.2020.10.012","article-title":"Impact of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on ST-elevation myocardial infarction admissions and outcomes in a Portuguese primary percutaneous coronary intervention center: Preliminary Data","volume":"40","author":"Freitas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Port. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.09.038","article-title":"Effect of COVID-19 outbreak on the treatment time of patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction","volume":"44","author":"Fu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"33","article-title":"Implications of COVID-19 on Time-Sensitive STEMI Care: A Report From a North American Epicenter. Cardiovasc","volume":"30","author":"Haddad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Revasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-021-02487-3","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial \u0131nfarction (STEMI) in Turkey: Results from TURSER study (TURKISH St-segment elevation myocardial \u0131nfarction registry)","volume":"53","author":"Kiris","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Thrombolysis"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kobo, O., Efraim, R., Saada, M., Kofman, N., Abu Dogosh, A., Abramowitz, Y., Aronson, D., Minha, S., Roguin, A., and Meisel, S.R. (2020). The impact of lockdown enforcement during the SARSCoV-2 pandemic on the timing of presentation and early outcomes of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241149"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2020.11.074","article-title":"Impact of the shift to a fibrinolysis-first strategy on care and outcomes of patients with ST-segment\u2013elevation myocardial infarction during the COVID-19 pandemic\u2014The experience from the largest cardiovascular-specific centre in China","volume":"329","author":"Leng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001432","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2020-001432","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic and STEMI: Pathway activation and outcomes from the pan-London heart attack group","volume":"7","author":"Little","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Heart"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-020-02340-z","article-title":"Clinical features of patients with acute coronary syndrome during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"52","author":"Matsushita","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Thrombolysis"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"e10523","article-title":"Acute ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic: What is the Clinically Significant Difference?","volume":"12","author":"Mengal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1007\/s12471-021-01554-x","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on hospital admissions and outcome of acute coronary syndromes in a single high-volume centre in southeastern Europe","volume":"29","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neth. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"994","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 on ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction care","volume":"73","author":"Rossello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Span. Exp. Rev. Esp. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.33963\/KP.15607","article-title":"The impact of a dedicated coronavirus disease 2019 primary angioplasty protocol on time components related to ST segment elevation myocardial infarction management in a 24\/7 primary percutaneous coronary intervention-capable hospital","volume":"78","author":"Salarifar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kardiol Pol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2020.100693","article-title":"Impact of Public Health Emergency Response to COVID-19 on Management and Outcome for STEMI Patients in Beijing\u2014A Single-Center Historic Control Study","volume":"46","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"e14005","article-title":"Effect of COVID-19 pandemic process on STEMI patients timeline","volume":"75","author":"Soylu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.2459\/JCM.0000000000001098","article-title":"Impact of COVID-2019 outbreak on prevalence, clinical presentation and outcomes of ST-elevation myocardial infarction","volume":"21","author":"Tomasoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.06.039","article-title":"Management and Outcomes of Patients With STEMI During the COVID-19 Pandemic in China","volume":"76","author":"Xiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.06.003","article-title":"Changing pattern of admissions for acute myocardial infarction in India during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"73","author":"Zachariah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian Heart J."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"92","article-title":"Experience of ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Management During COVID-19 Pandemic From the Mainland of China. Cardiovasc","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Revasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.33963\/KP.15653","article-title":"Incidence of mechanical complications following myocardial infarction during the first two months of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Southern Poland region: A multicenter study","volume":"79","author":"Bryndza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kardiol. Polska"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2020.12.009","article-title":"Delays in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Care During the COVID-19 Lockdown: An Observational Study","volume":"3","author":"Clifford","year":"2020","journal-title":"CJC Open"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"w20448","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2020.20448","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on acute coronary syndromes","volume":"150","author":"Perrin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Swiss Med. Wkly."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2020.04.022","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: Insights from a British cardiac center","volume":"226","author":"Abdelaziz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2020.100686","article-title":"Effect of COVID-19 on acute treatment of ST-segment elevation and Non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome in northwestern Switzerland","volume":"32","author":"Boeddinghaus","year":"2020","journal-title":"IJC Heart Vasc."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e017126","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.017126","article-title":"Who Has Seen Patients With ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction? First Results From Italian Real-World Coronavirus Disease 2019","volume":"9","author":"Cammalleri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.06.030","article-title":"No Reduction of ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Admission in Taiwan During Coronavirus Pandemic","volume":"131","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2020.05.023","article-title":"Decrease and Delay in Hospitalization for Acute Coronary Syndromes During the 2020 SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic","volume":"36","author":"Secco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E568","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.29134","article-title":"Clinical and procedural characteristics of COVID-19 patients treated with percutaneous coronary interventions","volume":"96","author":"Siudak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161.e7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2020.05.003","article-title":"Late STEMI and NSTEMI Patients\u2019 Emergency Calling in COVID-19 Outbreak","volume":"36","author":"Trabattoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1097\/MCA.0000000000001016","article-title":"Hospital admissions for acute coronary syndrome during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic in Israel: A single tertiary center experience","volume":"32","author":"Wiessman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Coron. Artery Dis."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.03.008","article-title":"The impact of COVID19 nationwide lock-down on STEMI hospitalization and outcomes in South India","volume":"73","author":"Rangashamaiah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian Heart J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.2459\/JCM.0000000000001130","article-title":"Reduction in acute coronary syndromes during coronavirus disease 2019 global pandemic: Data from the Marche region of Italy","volume":"22","author":"Flori","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E475","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.29145","article-title":"Impact of public health emergency response to COVID-19 on management and outcome for NSTEMI patients in Beijing: A single-center historic control","volume":"97","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2020.05.009","article-title":"Decrease in acute coronary syndrome presentations during the COVID-19 pandemic in upstate New York","volume":"226","author":"Braiteh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s00059-020-05015-w","article-title":"COVID-19-Pandemie: Effekte auf die klinische Versorgung von Herz-Kreislauf-Patienten im Fr\u00fchling 2020 [COVID-19 pandemic: Effects on clinical care of cardiovascular patients in spring 2020]","volume":"46","author":"Zeymer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Herz"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13075","article-title":"Increased mortality and worse cardiac outcome of acute myocardial infarction during the early COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"8","author":"Primessnig","year":"2021","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjacc\/zuab020.079","article-title":"Impact of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID 19) pandemic on acute coronary syndrome (ACS) hospitalizations, and related invasive procedures","volume":"10","author":"Simoni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Acute Cardiovasc. Care"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2015630","article-title":"The COVID-19 Pandemic and the Incidence of Acute Myocardial Infarction","volume":"383","author":"Solomon","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"3","article-title":"Laboratory-confirmed respiratory in-fections as triggers for acute myocardial infarction and stroke: A self-controlled case series analysis of national linked datasets from Scotland","volume":"51","author":"Blackburn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2019.1690459","article-title":"The association of influenza infection and vaccine with myocardial infarction: Systematic review and meta-analysis of self-controlled case series","volume":"18","author":"Caldeira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa231","article-title":"Coronaviruses and the cardiovascular system: Acute and long-term implications","volume":"41","author":"Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.048925","article-title":"Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome Is a Major Contributor to COVID-19-Associated Coagulopathy: Insights From a Prospective, Single-Center Cohort Study","volume":"142","author":"Masi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.07.022","article-title":"High Thrombus Burden in Patients With COVID-19 Presenting With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction","volume":"76","author":"Choudry","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2010418","article-title":"Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest during the COVID-19 Outbreak in Italy","volume":"383","author":"Baldi","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)02514-7","article-title":"Early thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction: Reappraisal of the golden hour","volume":"348","author":"Boersma","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(00)00879-2","article-title":"Cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction--etiologies, management, and outcome: A report from the SHOCK Trial Registry. Should we emergently revascularize Occluded Coronaries for cardiogenic shock?","volume":"36","author":"Hochman","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/9\/2323\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:58:24Z","timestamp":1760137104000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/9\/2323"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm11092323"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11092323","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]]}}}