{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:50:23Z","timestamp":1787028623782,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,23]],"date-time":"2022-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of fibrostenotic intestinal disease occurs in approximately one-third of patients with Crohn\u2019s disease and is associated with increased morbidity. Despite introducing new biologic agents, stricturing Crohn\u2019s disease remains a significant clinical challenge. Medical treatment is considered the first-line treatment for inflammatory strictures, and anti-TNF agents appear to provide the most considerable benefit among the available medical treatments. However, medical therapy is ineffective on strictures with a mainly fibrotic component, and a high proportion of patients under anti-TNF will require surgery. In fibrotic strictures or cases refractory to medical treatment, an endoscopic or surgical approach should be considered depending on the location, length, and severity of the stricture. Both endoscopic balloon dilatation and endoscopic stricturoplasty are minimally invasive and safe, associated with a small risk of complications. On the other hand, the surgical approach is indicated in patients not suitable for endoscopic therapy. This review aimed to present and analyze the currently available medical, endoscopic, and surgical management of stricturing Crohn\u2019s disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11092366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,23]],"date-time":"2022-04-23T08:14:06Z","timestamp":1650701646000},"page":"2366","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Medical, Endoscopic and Surgical Management of Stricturing Crohn\u2019s Disease: Current Clinical Practice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Fotios","family":"Fousekis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Ioannina, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Mitselos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Ioannina, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kostas","family":"Tepelenis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Ioannina, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5227-9806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Pappas-Gogos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Ioannina, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Katsanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Ioannina, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6106-8178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Lianos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Ioannina, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0601-1048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Frattini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, ASST Settelaghi, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Vlachos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Ioannina, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9694-1160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Christodoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Ioannina, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.09.047","article-title":"Mechanisms, Management, and Treatment of Fibrosis in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","volume":"152","author":"Rieder","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14853","article-title":"An expert consensus to standardise definitions, diagnosis and treatment targets for anti-fibrotic stricture therapies in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"48","author":"Rieder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aliment. 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