{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:57:22Z","timestamp":1790888242961,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]],"date-time":"2022-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An abnormal endometrial microbiota has been suggested to impair the process of embryo implantation, thus leading to repeated implantation failure (RIF) in women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF). However, the molecular mechanisms linking uterine microbiota and IVF out-comes are still an open question. The aim of this cohort study was to outline the relationship between endometrial microbiota, inflammation and IVF outcomes. To this purpose, endometrial microbiota and selected components of the \u201ccytokine network\u201d were analyzed in women presenting RIF and divided between eubiosis and dysbiosis groups, according to the percentage of endometrial lactobacilli (\u226590% or &lt;90%, respectively). The Dysbiosis group presented significantly higher tissue concentrations of the inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-1\u03b2, HIF-1\u03b1 and COX-2) and significantly lower levels of the anti-inflammatory\/well-being factors, IL-10 and IGF-1, with respect to women with eubiosis. Moreover, the Lactobacillus percentage was negatively related to the concentrations of the inflammatory molecules and positively related to IL-10\/IGF-1. Interestingly, the number of IVF attempts was directly related to the levels of the inflammatory factors COX-2, IL-1\u03b2 and HIF-1\u03b1 in the eubiosis group. Overall, endometrial dysbiosis was demonstrated to be associated with inflammation-related endometrial changes affecting the process of embryo implantation, underlining the importance of assessing uterine microbiota in patients undergoing IVF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11092481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]],"date-time":"2022-04-28T22:20:06Z","timestamp":1651184406000},"page":"2481","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Endometrial Dysbiosis Is Related to Inflammatory Factors in Women with Repeated Implantation Failure: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Vito","family":"Cela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"San Rossore Clinic Care, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7391-3087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Daniele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Elena Rosa","family":"Obino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Ruggiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Rossore Clinic Care, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Zappelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8661-7305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Ceccarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7460-008X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Papini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Marzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Scarf\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fulvia","family":"Tosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Rossore Clinic Care, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2132-8788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferdinando","family":"Franzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9379-3027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Martini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7164-0553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo Giovanni","family":"Artini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"San Rossore Clinic Care, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1002\/rmb2.12250","article-title":"A pilot study and case reports on endometrial microbiota and pregnancy outcome: An analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequencing among IVF patients, and trial therapeutic intervention for dysbiotic endometrium","volume":"18","author":"Kyono","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod. 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