{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T02:36:50Z","timestamp":1762051010543,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]],"date-time":"2022-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: During the 2019 Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19), a concern emerged regarding a possible correlation between the severe form of SARS-CoV-2 infection and administration of ACE-Inhibitors (ACE-I) and Sartans (ARB), since long-term use of these drugs may potentially result in an adaptive response with up-regulation of the ACE 2 receptor. Given the crucial role of ACE2, being the main target for virus entry into the cell, the potential consequences of ACE2 up-regulation have been a source of debate. The aim of this retrospective cohort study on COVID-19-positive patients who died is to investigate whether previous long-term exposure to ACE-I and\/or ARB was associated with higher mortality due to COVID-19 infection, compared to all other types of drug treatment. Methods: We analysed the clinical and demographic data of 615 patients hospitalized for COVID-19 at the two hospitals of the Vasta Area n.5, between March 2020 and April 2021. Among them, 86 patients, treated with ACE-Is and\/0 ARBs for about 12 months, died during hospitalization following a diagnosis of acute respiratory failure. Several quantitative and qualitative variables were recorded for all patients by reading their medical records. Results: The logistic model showed that the variables that increase mortality are age and comorbid diseases. There were no demonstrable mortality effects with ACE-I and ARB intake. Conclusions: The apparent increase in morbidity in patients with COVID-19 who received long-term treatment with ACE-I or ARB is not due to the drugs themselves, but to the conditions associated with their use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11092580","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]],"date-time":"2022-05-05T02:19:48Z","timestamp":1651717188000},"page":"2580","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Sartans and ACE Inhibitors: Mortality in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19. Retrospective Study in Patients on Long-Term Treatment Who Died in the Italian Hospitals of Area Vasta n.5\u2014Marche Region"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Tony","family":"Mazzoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zaira","family":"Maraia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ASUR Marche AV5, 63100 Ascoli Piceno, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benedetta","family":"Ruggeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ASUR Marche AV5, 63100 Ascoli Piceno, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Polidori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8044-1206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Vittoria","family":"Micioni Di Bonaventura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Armillei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ASUR Marche AV5, 63100 Ascoli Piceno, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Pomilio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ASUR Marche AV5, 63100 Ascoli Piceno, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9649-5217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isidoro","family":"Mazzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ASUR Marche AV5, 63100 Ascoli Piceno, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","article-title":"A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin","volume":"579","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.12839","article-title":"Pathophysiology, Transmission, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Review","volume":"324","author":"Wiersinga","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02062-10","article-title":"A Transmembrane Serine Protease Is Linked to the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Receptor and Activates Virus Entry","volume":"85","author":"Shulla","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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