{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T17:01:30Z","timestamp":1774630890782,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>SARS-CoV-2 infection can trigger autoimmune responses, either by a systemic hyperstimulation of the immune system or molecular mimicry (or both). We here summarize the current knowledges about autoimmune liver diseases (AILDs) and COVID-19, focusing on (a) the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients affected by AILDs and\/or under pharmacological treatment with immunosuppressants; (b) the capability of vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 to trigger autoimmune responses in the liver; and (c) the efficacy of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 in patients with AILDs. Although unconclusive results have been obtained regarding the risk of being infected by SARS-CoV-2, generally indicating that all patients with chronic liver diseases have the same risk, irrespective of the etiology, the use of immunosuppressants in patients with AILDs seems to be correlated to COVID-19 severity. Few cases of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination have been reported, all characterized by a complete remission upon steroid treatment, but further evidence is needed to demonstrate the causality assessment. Humoral responses have been observed in patients with AILDs upon vaccination. In conclusion, the link between SARS-CoV-2 infection and AILDs is far to be completely elucidated. In these patients, the use of immunosuppressants has been correlated to an increase of disease severity and lower levels of antibodies upon vaccination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11102681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T08:31:55Z","timestamp":1652171515000},"page":"2681","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["COVID-19 and Autoimmune Liver Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Annarosa","family":"Floreani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Healthcare, 37024 Negrar, Italy"},{"name":"University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6398-8237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"De Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2020.100169","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 on the Care of Patients with Liver Disease: EASL-ESCMID Position Paper after 6 Months of the Pandemic","volume":"2","author":"Boettler","year":"2020","journal-title":"JHEP Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102524","article-title":"Could Sars-Coronavirus-2 Trigger Autoimmune and\/or Autoinflammatory Mechanisms in Genetically Predisposed Subjects?","volume":"19","author":"Caso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmun. 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