{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T20:16:21Z","timestamp":1783541781458,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]],"date-time":"2022-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014Foundation Science and Tecchnology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/0485\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/0485\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Studies heretofore have shown inconsistent results on the link of ASD to malocclusion. Herein, we aimed to compare the prevalence of malocclusion among children and adolescents with ASD compared with non-ASD healthy counterparts through a systematic review. The electronic search focused on five databases, PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, LILACS, and OpenGrey until January 2022, and followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines (PROSPERO No. CRD42022298023). Observational and intervention studies that compared occlusion characteristics of ASD individuals under 18 years old with healthy controls were included. Pairwise random effects meta-analyses of odds ratio (OR) were performed. Methodological quality was assessed by using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for cross-sectional studies. A total of thirteen studies were included for qualitative analysis, and seven for quantitative analysis. The results presented a great heterogeneity and moderate risk of bias; thus, it was not possible to state that there is a risk of malocclusion in individuals with ASD. Future studies should be carried out with strict criteria in the choice of samples, control group, and diagnosis of malocclusion in order to meet the necessary requirements for greater methodological quality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11102727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]],"date-time":"2022-05-11T10:19:46Z","timestamp":1652264386000},"page":"2727","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Autism Spectrum Disorders and Malocclusions: Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Aline","family":"Barros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz\u2014Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, CRL, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6584-1199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Mascarenhas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz\u2014Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, CRL, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"},{"name":"Evidence-Based Hub, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz\u2014Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, CRL, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1019-8263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Botelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz\u2014Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, CRL, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"},{"name":"Evidence-Based Hub, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz\u2014Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, CRL, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2503-260X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz\u2014Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, CRL, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"},{"name":"Evidence-Based Hub, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz\u2014Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, CRL, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Balixa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evidence-Based Hub, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz\u2014Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, CRL, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4412-7102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00edsa","family":"Bandeira Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz\u2014Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, CRL, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"},{"name":"Evidence-Based Hub, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz\u2014Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, CRL, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5, American Psychiatric Association. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"344","article-title":"Incidence of Oral Health in Paediatric Patients with Disabilities: Sensory Disorders and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Systematic Review II","volume":"8","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Dent."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_41_17","article-title":"Evaluation of Oral Health Status and Influential Factors in Children with Autism","volume":"21","year":"2018","journal-title":"Niger. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4997","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-019-04211-w","article-title":"Association Between Feeding Problems and Oral Health Status in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"49","author":"Planells","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2020.10.009","article-title":"Evaluation of Oral Health Status and Oral Disorders of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders by Gender","volume":"28","author":"Kuter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. P\u00e9diatrie"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2017.02.014","article-title":"Prevalence of Malocclusion in Canadian Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"152","author":"Roy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"243","article-title":"Oral Health Status of Italian Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"22","author":"Bagattoni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.2147\/CCIDE.S262679","article-title":"Prevalence of Malocclusion and Occlusal Traits in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders","volume":"12","author":"Farmani","year":"2020","journal-title":"CCIDE"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjaa028","article-title":"The Relation of Severe Malocclusion to Patients\u2019 Mental and Behavioral Disorders, Growth, and Speech Problems","volume":"43","author":"Koskela","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.5152\/TurkJOrthod.2019.18078","article-title":"Orthodontic Approach to Patients with Autism: A Review","volume":"32","author":"Doruk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Turk. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361314553439","article-title":"Oral Health among Preschool Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Case-Control Study","volume":"19","author":"Du","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"237","article-title":"Caries Experience, Oral Disorders, Oral Hygiene Practices and Sociodemographic Characteristics of Autistic Children","volume":"20","author":"Kuter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., and Altman, D.G. (2009). The PRISMA Group Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Med., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Joanna Briggs Institute (2014). The Systematic Review of Prevalence and Incidence Data, The Joanna Briggs Institute."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwarzer, G., Carpenter, J.R., and R\u00fccker, G. (2015). Meta-Analysis with R, Springer International Publishing. Use R!.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-21416-0"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i03","article-title":"Conducting Meta-Analyses in R with the Metafor Package","volume":"36","author":"Viechtbauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Stat. Soft."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higgins, J.P.T., Thomas, J., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M., Li, T., Page, M.J., and Welch, V.A. (2019). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, Wiley. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d5928","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5928","article-title":"The Cochrane Collaboration\u2019s Tool for Assessing Risk of Bias in Randomised Trials","volume":"343","author":"Higgins","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"e415","article-title":"Oral Manifestations in a Group of Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"17","author":"Silvestre","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Oral"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blomqvist, M., Bejerot, S., and Dahll\u00f6f, G. (2015). A Cross-Sectional Study on Oral Health and Dental Care in Intellectually Able Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder. BMC Oral Health, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-015-0065-z"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boss\u00f9, M., Trottini, M., Corridore, D., Di Giorgio, G., Sfasciotti, G.L., Palaia, G., Ottolenghi, L., Polimeni, A., and Di Carlo, S. (2020). Oral Health Status of Children with Autism in Central Italy. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10072247"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Social, Educational and Dental Profiles of Brazilian Patients with Special Needs Attended at a Center for Dental Specialties","volume":"19","author":"Rangel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pesqui. Bras. Odontopediatria Cl\u00edn. Integr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12553","article-title":"A Cross Sectional Study to Evaluate the Oral Health Status of Children with Intellectual Disabilities in the National Capital Region of India (Delhi-NCR)","volume":"63","author":"Makkar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Intellect. Disabil. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361317730299","article-title":"Oral Assessment of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Rawalpindi, Pakistan","volume":"23","author":"Suhaib","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naidoo, M., and Singh, S. (2018). The Oral Health Status of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in KwaZulu-Nata, South Africa. BMC Oral Health, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-018-0632-1"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"118","article-title":"Preval\u00eancia de Altera\u00e7\u00f5es Bucais Em Pessoas Com Defici\u00eancia Na Cl\u00ednica Da Universidade Do Extremo Sul Catarinense","volume":"29","author":"Nunes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. De Odontol. Da Univ. Cid. De S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12067","article-title":"Oral Health Status and Behaviours of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Case-Control Study","volume":"24","author":"Omar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-77572011000300006","article-title":"Dental Caries Experience, Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs of Dental Patients with Autism","volume":"19","author":"Jaber","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-1626.2010.00030.x","article-title":"Oral Health Status and Dental Needs of Autistic Children and Young Adults: Oral Health Status of Autistic Patients","volume":"2","author":"Jaber","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Investig. Clin. Dent."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"113","article-title":"Dental Care of Autistic Children within the Non-Specialized Public Dental Service","volume":"25","year":"2001","journal-title":"Swed. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vellappally, S., Gardens, S.J., Al Kheraif, A.-A.A., Krishna, M., Babu, S., Hashem, M., Jacob, V., and Anil, S. (2014). The Prevalence of Malocclusion and Its Association with Dental Caries among 12-18-Year-Old Disabled Adolescents. BMC Oral Health, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-14-123"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"65","article-title":"Oral Assessment of Children with an Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"81","author":"DeMattei","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dent. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4034\/PBOCI.2019.191.127","article-title":"Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs for Children with Special Needs: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"19","author":"Alkhabuli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pesqui. Bras. Odontopediatria Cl\u00edn. Integr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03262858","article-title":"Oral Health Status of Children with Autistic Disorder in Chennai","volume":"13","author":"Rekha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-2156","article-title":"Characteristic of Malocclusion among Saudi Special Need Group Children","volume":"18","author":"Alkhadra","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Dent. Pract."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"256","article-title":"Periodontal Status and Orthodontic Treatment Need of Autistic Children","volume":"11","author":"Luppanapornlarp","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"275","article-title":"Prevalence of Oral Disease and Treatment Types Proposed To children Affected by Autistic Spectrum Disorder in Pediatric Dentistry: A Systematic Review","volume":"171","author":"Corridore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Ter."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sdentj.2021.02.006","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Population-Based Gingival Health Studies among Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"33","author":"AlOtaibi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi Dent. J."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/10\/2727\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:09:31Z","timestamp":1760137771000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/10\/2727"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm11102727"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11102727","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]]}}}