{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:51:44Z","timestamp":1790790704656,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]],"date-time":"2022-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gingivitis is a very common oral disease highly prevalent in adults that, if left untreated, can progress to periodontitis. It involves a complex and slow interaction between the host response and the oral microbiome represented by the dental plaque. The inflammation of the gingiva is associated with the activation of pathological angiogenesis and the existence of a high number of newly formed blood vessels quantified as microvessel density (MVD). The present study includes a number of 51 gingival biopsies from patients with different gingival indexes (GI): GI = 0, n = 12; GI = 1, n = 15; GI = 2, n = 16; and GI = 3, n = 8, processed and stained with the routine hematoxylin\u2013eosin method. The inflammatory infiltrate was scored, the blood vessels were detected with anti-CD34 antibody, and MVD was determined. Inflammatory changes were observed in 39 of the 51 cases included in our study. CD34 + vessels with normal morphological appearance were observed in all 12 cases of health gingiva. In cases of inflammatory lesions, the morphology of the blood vessels showed changes with the evolution of gingival lesions. In severe inflammation, a particular aspect was observed in the vessels, such as the presence of the phenomenon of intussusception. MVD increases with the severity of gingival lesions, with the highest density being observed in severe inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11102758","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]],"date-time":"2022-05-13T08:37:02Z","timestamp":1652431022000},"page":"2758","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Heterogeneity of Blood Vessels and Assessment of Microvessel Density-MVD in Gingivitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3214-9278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ciprian","family":"Roi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Oral Surgery, Multidisciplinary Center for Research, Evaluation, Diagnosis and Therapies in Oral Medicine, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pu\u0219a Nela","family":"Gaje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microscopic Morphology and Histology, Angiogenesis Research Center, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0067-8247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raluca Amalia","family":"Ceau\u0219u","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microscopic Morphology and Histology, Angiogenesis Research Center, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4790-4560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Roi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology, Multidisciplinary Center for Research, Evaluation, Diagnosis and Therapies in Oral Medicine, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6375-4705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura Cristina","family":"Rusu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology, Multidisciplinary Center for Research, Evaluation, Diagnosis and Therapies in Oral Medicine, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugen Radu","family":"Boia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ear Nose and Throat, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simina","family":"Boia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7323-2687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruxandra Elena","family":"Luca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Dental Emergencies, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5626-1064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mircea","family":"Rivi\u0219","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Oral Surgery, Multidisciplinary Center for Research, Evaluation, Diagnosis and Therapies in Oral Medicine, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S74","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.17-0719","article-title":"Periodontal health and gingival diseases and conditions on an intact and a reduced periodontium: Consensus report of workgroup 1 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions","volume":"89","author":"Chapple","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagarajan, R., Miller, C.S., Dawson, D., Al-Sabbagh, M., and Ebersole, J.L. (2015). Patient-Specific variations in biomarkers across gingivitis and periodontitis. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136792"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2009.01415.x","article-title":"Gingivitis as a risk factor in periodontal disease","volume":"36","author":"Lang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2009.01391.x","article-title":"The clinical course of chronic periodontitis: V. Predictive factors in periodontal disease","volume":"36","author":"Faddy","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051X.2003.00414.x","article-title":"Clinical course of chronic periodontitis. I. Role of gingivitis","volume":"30","author":"Anerud","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.18-0157","article-title":"A new classification scheme for periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions-Introduction and key changes from the 1999 classification","volume":"89","author":"Caton","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12006","article-title":"Learned and unlearned concepts in periodontal diagnostics: A 50-year perspective","volume":"62","author":"Armitage","year":"2013","journal-title":"Periodontology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e295","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2014.130696","article-title":"Salivary biomarkers associated with gingivitis and response to therapy","volume":"85","author":"Syndergaard","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Newman, M.G., Takei, H.H., Klokkevold, P.R., and Carranza, F.A. (2019). Classification of diseases and conditions affecting the periodontium. Newman and Carranza\u2019s Essentials of Clinical Periodontology, Elsevier. [13th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"287","article-title":"An\u00e1lisis de microdensidad vascular y factores de crecimiento en carcinoma oral de c\u00e9lulas escamosas","volume":"77","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. ADM"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"53","article-title":"VEGF\/VEGFR2 axis in periodontal disease progression and angiogenesis: Basic approach for a new therapeutic strategy","volume":"30","author":"Vladau","year":"2016","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12104","article-title":"Molecular aspects of the pathogenesis of periodontitis","volume":"69","author":"Meyle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Periodontology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2008.06.081","article-title":"Angiogenesis and CD34 expression as a predictor of recurrence in oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"67","author":"Kademani","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"51","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation of microvessel density using CD34 in clinical variants of ameloblastoma: An immunohistochemical study","volume":"20","author":"Pereira","year":"2016","journal-title":"JOMFP"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64701-3","article-title":"Immunoblot analysis of CD34 expression in histologically diverse neoplasms","volume":"156","author":"Natkunam","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2005.01.010","article-title":"CD34 as a marker for evaluating angiogenesis in cervical cancer","volume":"201","author":"Vieira","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S44","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12939","article-title":"Plaque-induced gingivitis: Case definition and diagnostic considerations","volume":"45","author":"Trombelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2011.06.007","article-title":"Comparative analysis of tumour angiogenesis in solid multicystic and unicystic ameloblastoma by using CD 105 (endoglin)","volume":"56","author":"Hande","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"260","article-title":"Evaluation and comparison of microvessel density using the markers CD34 and CD105 in regenerative nodules, dysplastic nodules and hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"8","author":"Segatelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-962X.155885","article-title":"Immunoexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor and Ki-67 in human gingival samples: An observational study","volume":"6","author":"Kranti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.10009","article-title":"Microvasculature in gingivitis and chronic periodontitis: Disruption of vascular networks with protracted inflammation","volume":"56","author":"Zoellner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microsc Res. Tech."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2018.08.005","article-title":"Evidence-based update on diagnosis and management of gingivitis and periodontitis","volume":"63","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dent. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827461","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.827461","article-title":"mTOR Signaling in the Regulation of CD4+ T Cell Subsets in Periodontal Diseases","volume":"13","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2010.100180","article-title":"Effects of enamel matrix derivative on vascular endothelial growth factor expression and microvessel density in gingival tissues of periodontal pocket: A comparative study","volume":"82","author":"Aspriello","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eldzharov, A., Kabaloeva, D., Nemeryuk, D., Goncharenko, A., Gatsalova, A., Ivanova, E., Kostritskiy, I., Carrouel, F., and Bourgeois, D. (2021). Evaluation of Microcirculation, cytokine profile, and local antioxidant protection indices in periodontal health, and Stage II, Stage III Periodontitis. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10061262"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-003-0024-z","article-title":"Microcirculation and micromorphology of healthy and inflamed gingivae","volume":"91","author":"Kerdvongbundit","year":"2003","journal-title":"Odontology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2009.090239","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor and microvessel density in periodontitis patients with and without diabetes","volume":"80","author":"Aspriello","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-6147(00)01676-X","article-title":"FGF and VEGF function in angiogenesis: Signalling pathways, biological responses and therapeutic inhibition","volume":"22","author":"Cross","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-018-0926-0","article-title":"VEGF, Microvessel Density, and CD44 as Inflammation Markers in Peri-implant Healthy Mucosa, Peri-implant Mucositis, and Peri-implantitis: Impact of Age, Smoking, PPD, and Obesity","volume":"42","author":"Lucarini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inflammation"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/10\/2758\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:10:20Z","timestamp":1760137820000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/10\/2758"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm11102758"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11102758","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]]}}}