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The pathogenesis of RMPP remains unknown, but the excessive host immune responses as well as macrolide resistance of M. pneumoniae might play important roles in the development of RMPP. To improve the prognosis of RMPP, it is mandatory to recognize RMPP in the early stages, and the detection of macrolide-resistant MP, clinical unresponsiveness to macrolides and elevated proinflammatory cytokines might be clues. Timely and effective anti-mycoplasmal therapy and immunomodulating therapy are the main strategies for RMPP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11102824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]],"date-time":"2022-05-17T08:34:29Z","timestamp":1652776469000},"page":"2824","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":149,"title":["Refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia in Children: Early Recognition and Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Lin","family":"Tong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, Children\u2019s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children\u2019s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou 310052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8390-7174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shumin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, Children\u2019s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children\u2019s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou 310052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, Children\u2019s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children\u2019s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou 310052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, Children\u2019s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children\u2019s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou 310052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5160-7502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhimin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, Children\u2019s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children\u2019s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou 310052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., He, R., Wu, R., Wang, B., Xu, H., Zhang, Y., Li, H., and Zhao, S. 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